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Nervous system (2)
Bio 3 Lecture 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To recall the nervous system, draw a concept map starting from "Nervous system" | See slide 2 |
| To recall the neurons, draw a concept map starting from "Neurons" | See slide 3 |
| There's 3 animal categories in term of central nervous system, what are they and how does their nervous system work? | Sponges are a phylum without nerves. Cnidarians have neurons linked into a nerve net. Platyhelminthes have 2 nerve cords running down their body. |
| All vertebrate brain have 3 basic divisions, what are they? | The hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. |
| What is the dominant feature of the brain? | The forebrain occupies the most space |
| What protects the brain and the spinal cord? | The skull, the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| What are the 3 parts of the meninges and what are they (position)? | There's the dura mater (strong, fibrous tissue, it's the outermost layer). There's the arachnoid (delicate weblike layer). There's the pia matter (innermost layer, attaches to the outer surface of the brain and boods vessels). |
| Where does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate? | Through the brain and spinal cord |
| So what are the 3 protections of the brain? | The Meninges (Dura Mater, arachnoid and Pia Mater), the bones (skull and vertebrae) and the cerebrospinal fluid |
| What's one the largest organ in the human body? | Brain (biggest is the liver) |
| What are amitotic neurons? How many in the brain? | They're cells that don't divide. There's 100 billion amitotic neurons in the brain |
| When does the brain grows rapidly? | The first 9 years of life |
| What are the parts of the brain? | The brain is divided into the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon and the brain stem |
| What is the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) consist of? | The cortex and the basal nuclei |
| The right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected by what? | The corpus callosum |
| What are the different lobes? General function? | The frontal (motor), parietal (sensory), occipital (seing) and temporal (hearing) lobes |
| What is the cerebral cortex and how much neurons does it contain? | It's the outer layer of the cerebrum and it contains about 10% of all neurons in the brain |
| The cerebrum is a highly ... surface? What does it contain? | highly convoluted surface where we have the gyri and sulci |
| Identify the parts of the cerebrum | Slide 14 |
| What does the right and left hemisphere do? | The left side is for language, logic, math and science. The right side is dor artistic skills, music, spatial and pattern perception. |
| What are the divisions of the brain stem? | The midbrain, the pons and the Medulla Oblongata |
| Where is the Medulla Oblongata? What's its size? | It's the most inferior part of the brain and it attaches to the spinal cord. It's a few centimeters in length, |
| What's the function of the Medulla Oblongata? | It maintains homeostatis. It includes a cluster of cells bodies . |
| What are the clusters of cell bodies in the Medulla Oblongata? | 1)Cardiovascular center 2)Respiratory center 3)Reflex integration center (swallowing, vomiting) |
| Where is the Pons and what is it composed of? | It's located above the medulla oblongata (recall the lab where the pons is where there's a little bump). It's between the Medulla Oblongata and the midbrain! It's mainly composed of conduction tracts. |
| What are the functions of the pons? | It connects the cerebellum to the brain stem. It also contains centers in somatic and visceral motor control. It helps control breathing. |
| Where is the midbrain? | Located between the diencephalon and the pons |
| What are the functions of the midbrain? | It contains visual and auditory information centers. Contains centers that help maintain consciousness. |
| Identify the parts of the brain cells | See slide 20 |
| Where is the cerebellum and what portion of the brain does it occupy? | Located below posterior portion of the cerebrum and it's the second largest part of the brain after the cerebrum. |
| What is the cerebellum for (functions)? | It compares actual movements with the intended ones. It helps produce smooth coordinated movements. Responsible for balance and posture. |
| What is the diencephalon divided into? | The limbic system, the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the pineal gland. |
| What does the hypothalamus connect to and what does it consist of? | It connects to the optic chiasma and consist of mammillary bodies. |
| What is the limbic system for? | It mediates emotional response and is involved in memory processing |
| [Limbic system] What are the 3 memory systems? | There's sensory memory (Large capacity and ~2 seconds), the short-term memory (7 items for 30 sec) and the long-term memory (Unlimited and min to lifetime) |
| [Limbic system] What can you say about the forgetting curve? | The trendline is exponential, aka we retain very little information as time pass. See slide 24 |
| What are the functions of the thalamus? | It relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation and is involved in the memory process |
| How come the thalamus is involved in the memory process if it's the limbic system that has this function? | Because the limbic system includes parts of the thalamus :) |
| What are the 1000 functions of the hypothalamus? | It's the chef integration center 1)Regulates temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, biological rythms and drives 2)Regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland 3)Acts as endocrine organ and produces ADH & oxytocin |
| What does the hypothalamus produce as the endocrine organ? | ADH (hormone that regulates the amount of water in body) and oxytocin (hormone that acts on the reproductive system) |
| What does the pineal gland do (functions)? | The body's biological clock (circadian clock) depends partly on the pineal gland by carying the secretion of melatonin (a hormone that is a response to darkness) |
| Identify the parts of the brain | See slide 28 |
| [Eye anatomy] What is the sclera? | It's the outermost white portion of the eye |
| [Eye anatomy] What is the cornea? | It's the transparent portion through which light enters |
| [Eye anatomy] What is the iris? | It's the colored portion of the eye |
| [Eye anatomy] What is the pupil? | It's the opening of the eye |
| What changes the size of the pupil? | Contraction of iris muscle in bright light decreases the size of its opening (pupil) |
| [Eye anatomy] What is the lens? | The transparent structure that completes focusing onto the retina |
| What are the 2 receptors in the retina and what do they do? | 1) Rods: Responsible for black-and-white vision 2)Cones: Responsible for color vision and high visual acuity (sharpness) |
| What happens to the retina of nearsighted and farsighted people ? | Ppl who have that do not properly focus the image on the retina |
Created by:
Malayka
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