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Nervous system (1)
Bio 3 Lecture 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the nervous systems? | 1) Fast transmissions of messages in our body 2)Links sensory receptors that detect stimuli to motor effectors that respond to those stimuli |
| There's 2 system in the nervous sytem, what are they? | There's the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| The Central Nervous Systems (CNS) is subdivided into 2 structures, what are they? | The brain and the spinal cord |
| What takes care of the reflexes? | The spinal cord, reflexes don't go to the brain bc the reaction needs to be very fast |
| What are the 2 types of pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System and what do they do? | There's sensory pathway aka afferent pathway and motor pathway aka efferent pathway. |
| What is the motor pathway subdivided into? What do they do? | Into somatic (stimulates skeletal muscles) and autonomic (stimulates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands) |
| From the function of the somatic and autonomic divisions, what can you say about their movement? | Somatic is voluntary movements bc it stimulates skeletal muscles and autonomic is unvoluntary bc it stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles! |
| What are the sub-divisions of the autonomic division of the PNS? | There's sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (relaxed state) |
| If the the heartrate accelerate, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Sympathetic |
| If the bladder is relaxed, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Sympathetic! |
| If it inhibits digestive activity and stimulates glucose release by liver, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Sympathetic |
| If it stimulated salivation, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Parasympathetic |
| If it secretes epinepherine and noreperinephrine from kidney, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Sympathetic |
| If it constricts the bronchi and contracts the bladder, is it sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Parasympathetic |
| Draw a flow chart of the Peripheral Nervous System and include the functions (short) of each component. | See slide 9 |
| The nervous system has 2 types of cells, what are they? | Neurons and neuroglia |
| Neurons are divided according to what? | functions |
| What are the 3 types of neurons? | There's sensory neurons (afferent neurons), motor neurons (efferent neurons) and interneurons (association neurons) |
| What is the function of the sensory neuron? | Afferent neurons carry impulses to Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| What is the function of the motor neuron? | Efferent neurons carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
| What is the function of the interneuron? | Association neurons provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory) |
| There's different neuron shapes, what are they? Associate neuron image with the right neuron shape! | There's multipolar, bipolar and (pseudo)unipolar. Multipolar has many different dendrites branches. Bipolar has 2 branches: axon and dendrites. Pseudo-unipolar has the cell body outside so the're only one branch with axon and dendrites. |
| What is the basic neuron structure (which all neurons have)? Explain what they are | There's the cell body (enlarged part containing nucleus), there's dendrites (short, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli) and there's the axon (single, long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body) |
| Identify the parts of a neuron. | See slide 20 |
| What are the different types of neuroglia cells? | There's Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and ependymal |
| What are neuroglia cells? | They're the cells that support neurons such as Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
| What produces myelin sheats? | Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes |
| What are myelin sheats? | It's an insulating layer (or sheat) that forms around the axon |
| What is multiple sclerosis? | In human, it's a condition where the myelin is lost due to the injury of oligodendrocytes. It results in weak or loss of nerve conduction and loss of coordination |
| Identify the parts of a neuron (transversal cut) | See slide 23 |
| What is the input zone and what structure does it use? | The input zone is where dendrites and soma receives input from other neurons or from sensory stimuli |
| What is the summation zone and what structure does it use? | The summation zone (axon hillock) serves as the site where stimuli combine and possibly trigger an impulse |
| What is the conduction zone and what structure does it use? | The nerve impulse will be conducted along the axon (or conduction zone) |
| Identify the different zones and structures of the neuron | See slide 27 |
| What can neurons initiate and conduct? | Neurons can initiate and conduct signals called nerve impulses |
| How can nerve impulses be describes? | As wave of electrical fluctuation that travels along the plasma membrane |
| A potential difference exists across the plasma membrane; what are the poles? | There's the negative pole (cytoplasmic side) and the positive pole (extracellular fluid side) |
| What is the net charge when the cell is polarized? | -70 mV (milivolts) |
| Draw an axon with its charge (inside out) | See slide 29 |
| How is the inside of the cell charged compared to the outside? Why (1)? | The inside is more negatively charged because of the sodium-potassium pump which brings 2 K+ ions into the cell for every 3 Na+ ions it pumps out. |
| Why is the inside if the cell more negatively charged than the outisde? (2) | Bc of ion leakage channels which allow positively charged ions to diffuse out |
| Why is the inside if the cell more negatively charged than the outisde? (3) | Bc of negatively charged molecules (like protein) are trapped inside a cell and cannot easily cross the membrane |
| Essentially, what are the 3 reasons why the inside of the cell is more negative? | 1) Sodium-potassium pump 2) Ion leakage channels 3) Negatively charged molecules |
Created by:
Malayka
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