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Physiology
Midterm Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | Afferent |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | Nervous and Endocrine |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | Feedback control loop |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | Positive feedback |
| Basic components of every feedback control loop | sensor mechanism, Integrating center, effector, feedback |
| any complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | Intracellular, Intrinsic, Extrinsic |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | Feed-Forward |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, and are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called | viruses |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | primary |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body | glycogen |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine Phosphate |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | Phospholipid and/or steriod |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | Peptide bonds |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | Nitrogen |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and Functional |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+. |
| Unsaturated fats: | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. Results for item 24. 24 |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steriods |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| Transcription can best be described as the: | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure. | Osmotic |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n) | Catalyst |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the: | Nitrogen base |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n) | codon |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend of cell energy |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| The result of meiosis is | four daughter cells that are haploid |
| Diffusion is | the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n): | Allosteric Effector |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | Citric Acid Cycle |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are: | Transcription and Translation |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | Oxygen |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | hypertonic |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called: | enzymes |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | filtration |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | Carrier-mediated transport |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active Transport |
| What does the Sodium-Potassium pump do? | moves Na+ and K+ ions against large concentration gradients; 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | Aquaporins |
| Where does Translation and Transcription occur? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| What is true in regards to hair composition? | consists of keratinized cells, is formed from cells of the germinal matrix, and alternates between periods of growth and rest |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum Lucidum |
| Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas except the: | Soles of the feet |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum Granulosum |
| Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin? | Keratinocytes |
| The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. | Dermal |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the _____________ that enables the nail to grow continuously. | Stratum Basale |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum Corneum |
| Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together? | Stratum Spinosum |
| The hair follicle is found in the: | Dermis |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles. | Arrector pili |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue are: | Absorbtion, Secretion, and Protection |
| Functions of Connective Tissue are: | Protects the body from foreign invaders, provides Support for the body, and Transports substances throughout the body |
| Functions of the skin include: | Defense against disease organisms, Regulation of body temperature, and Excretion of water and salts |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | Epithelial and Connective. It is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | Mesenchyme |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Smooth Muscle characteristics include: | Having one nucleus per cell, composes the walls of the viscera, and usually not under voluntary control |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| Skeletal Muscle characteristics include: | Being attatched to bone, having striations, Havig voluntary or "willed" control |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the : | Stratum Basale |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| What vitamins are absorbed through the skin? | Vitamins A, D, and K |
| What is/are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red & yellow – produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat. |
| The external portion of the bone is known as: | Cortical Bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the: | Epiphyseal plates |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal? | It is semi-solid and flexible, it has no or a limited blood supply |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | Fat and triglycerides |
| What structure provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilage |
| The fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of | Fibrous Membrane |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | amount of calcium in bone increases and the level of calcium in the blood decreases |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| What may contribute to skeletal variations? | Age, Mechanical stress, and Inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | Calcium and Phosphorus |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35and 40 |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete: | Additional Matrix |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | Osteoclasts |
| Primary functions of Bone: | Support, Movement, Protection, Mineral storage, and Hematopoiesis |
Created by:
natlndry
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