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Enzyme in Metabolism
Bio 2 Lecture 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is metabolism? | It's anabolism (growth) + catabolism (break down). Basically cells make and break molecules using food as a source for energy and building material |
| What are metabolic pathways? | Linked series of chemical reactions occuring within a cell. |
| What does metabolic pathways consist of? | A series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: the products of one reaction are the substrates for subsequent reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. |
| What is the metabolism hierarchy? | There's ES (enzyme substrate) reaction, then a division in metabolic pathways, then metabolic process. Processes have many metabolic pathways |
| What are the 3 type of pathways | There's linear, cyclical and branched pathway. Linear is just a line from the starting compound to end product, branched has a starting compound but 2 or more end products (branches) and cyclic continously regenerates the compounds |
| Pathways feed other pathways, meaning.. | The end-product of one pathway becomes the starting product of another pathway |
| What is the ES process? (enzyme substrate metabolic reaction) | 1) Substrate binds to enzyme 2) Enzyme/Substrate complex forms 3) Product is released, enzyme reused |
| Does the substrate change after the reaction with the enzyme? Does the enzyme change? | The substrate changes (take a new form) after the reaction but the enzyme remains the same. A different enzyme is required to catalyze the new transformed substrate. |
| What are the constituents of a pathway? | 1) Substrate (inital) 2) enzyme 1 3) Intermediate 1 (product after enzyme 1 altered the substrate in a chemical reaction) 4) End-product (result of final step of the pathway) |
| Enzymes are what type of protein? What do they do? | They're catalytic proteins, they lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction |
| What do enzyme permit in the human body? | Enzymes permit chemical reactions to occur at physiological temperatures (37C) –Catabolic enzymes breakdown molecules –Anabolic enzymes build molecules |
| Compared to the inital substrate, if the product has more energy, the reaction is.. | endogernic (energy is stored in product) |
| Compared to the inital substrate, if the product has less energy, the reaction is.. | exergonic (enegy released) |
| What suffix indicate that a molecule is an enzyme? | -ASE or -ZYME like lactase or robozyme |
| What are enzyme composed of? | Most often proteins, but some are RNA like ribosomes |
| See slide 17 lecture 5 to know how to recognize the function of an enzyme/protein with the name and the representation! | Basically in endonuclease, Endo=Inside Ase=Enzyme clue, DNA present=you know it has something to do with DNA. We know there's DNA present in the molecule bc of the double helix shape |
| Some catalytic molecules are not protein, like.. | rybozymes, aka ribosome which is rRNA with enzymatic abilities |
| What do rybozyme do? | catalyzes synthesis of a polypeptide chain |
| What are enzyme complexes? What can you say about their sequences of steps? | A group of enzymes. Multienzyme complexes are made up of several enzymes clumped together. These complexes are involved in a sequence of steps within the same pathway. |
| What is an example of a enzyme complex? See slide 21 | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex. |
| What are the benefits of multienzyme complexes? | 1) The product of one reaction can be directly delivered to the next enzyme (little drifting) 2)Unwanted side-reactions are eliminated 3)Makes controlling the pathway easier since pathway can be controlled as a unit(s |
| What can you say about the structure of a protein based enzyme? | They're specific, so they react with a specific molecule that can bind to the active site. They can only work with certain substrates |
| True or false: One enzyme can be used for many different types of chemical reactions | False, they're specific and can only perform one chemical reaction with a specific substrate |
| We know that enzymes lower the EA, but what is needed to start a reaction? | To start a reaction, the reactant must be transitioned by destabilizing the reactive bonds. Once destabilized the reaction is committed to become product |
| What Happens in the Active Site of an Enzyme When a Substrate Binds? | Induced fit: 1)Substrate slips into the active site 2)Enzymes’ shape changes to hold the substrate. 3)Exerts force on substrate 4)Product is released 5)Enzyme returns to original shape. Recall the sock and feet example! |
| How does energy move in metabolism? | With electrons. Energy moves from molecule to molecule in the form of electrons in oxidation/reduction reactions |
| What is a reduction and oxidation reaction? See slide 35 image | Oxidation is the lost of energy. Reduction is the gain of energy. |
| Enzyme may need cofactors, why? | To promote optimal arrangement of their atoms and proper functioning. |
| What are the 2 types of cofactors? | 1) Inorganic ions like Fe 2+ or Mg 2+ 2) Coenzymes (complex non-protein organic molecules like NAD+ or FAD |
| What is the role of a coenzyme? | Role of coenzyme is to carry electrons or small chemical groups |
| What's the difference between the 2 types of cofactors? | One is inorganic (ions) and the other is organic (coenzymes) |
| What is an example of energy moving in the form of electrons? | The coenzyme NAD+ which picks up a proton H2 and transfers the electron to NAD+ becoming reduced NADH + H |
| What's the only way to change the activation energy of an enzyme? | To change the shape of the enzyme |
| What is the rate of reaction affected by? | 1) The saturation of enzyme with substrate 2) Depends on specific type od enzyme 3) Environmental conditions |
| Rate of reaction is affected by saturation of enzyme with substrate, what more can you say about it? | Initial rate of reaction is exponential up to VMAX or saturation |
| Rate of reaction is affected by the type of enzyme, what more can you say about it? | Each enzyme has its own maximum velocity at which it can transition a substrate |
| [Environmental factors] Changin the shape of the enzyme will alter its.. | effeciency |
| [Environmental factors] Changing the concentration does what to the ES encounter? | increases or decreases the likeliness of an ES encounter |
| [Environmental factors] Whatcan competitors or inhibitors do? | slow the process or block it completely |
| [Environmental factors] Changing the behavior of the molecules motion in a solution | collisions |
| How can concentration factors affect enzyme activity? | Affect the substrate and the enzyme |
| What can the enzyme shape be affected by? | The pH, temperature and salt |
| Motion of molecules can speed up or slow down a reaction, what factor affects the motion of molecules? | Temperature |
| What can happen if you add a competitor to block the conversion of the substrate | Regulatory molecules (can bind to enzyme but are not changed by it.) Prevent substrate from binding. |
| Any change in the shape of the enzyme will cause.. | a rate change (speeds or slows down) |
| What can happen to the protein with only mild changes in condition? | It may only temporarily alter the protein functin (REVERSIBLE) but will affect the time it takes ti convert substrate to product |
| What happens when the temperature goes too far above the optimum temperature? | It can destroy its function (denatures) |
| What can disrupt ionic bonds? | The pH. Polar charged side chains are disrupted outside the working pH , most enzymes prefer pH values from 6 to 8. |
| When does the enzyme function best? | At optimum temprature and pH. Optimum levels are dependent on the type of enzyme. |
| Salt breaks what? What does it cause? | Ionic bonds and H-bonds, aka bonds and interactions. This means that the shape changes and the the enzyme activity usually decreases |
| What happens when the environmental conditions exceed the limitations of a protein? | The secondary, tertiary and quaternary bonds are overcome (broken) , so it changes structure!! |
| What happens to the protein if theirs an extreme change in the environmental conditions? | – Denaturation results from degradationof these bonds – The protein (enzyme) will no longer function – Damage is permanent (irreversible) |
| What is an example of denaturation? | Cooking an egg: Egg albumin is a storage protein, but when you cook it, denaturation happens and it hardens the albumin as the secondary, tertiary and quaternary bonds break irreversibly |
Created by:
Malayka
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