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Physiology
Round 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is vitamin D deficiency associated with hypo- or hyperphosphatemia? | Hypophosphatemia |
| How does phosphate reach low levels in vitamin D deficiency? | Decreasing intestinal absorption of phosphate and increasing urinary phosphate excretion |
| How many umbilical arteries are in fetal circulation? | 2 |
| How many umbilical veins are in fetal circulation? | 1 |
| Which fetal vessel contains deoxygenated blood? | The 2 umbilical arteries |
| What protein (hormone) is secreted by the liver in response to GH? | IGF-1 |
| Which signaling pathway is associated with IGF-1? | Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathway |
| What important liver hormone is part of the insulin receptor family that uses TK signaling pathway? | IGF-1 |
| What causes ARDS? | Capillary damage from neutrophil cytokine and protease release |
| What is the result of damage of capillaries in ARDS with fluid in the lungs? | Fluid extravasates from capillaries into the alveoli |
| Holosystolic murmur best heard at the cardiac apex | Mitral regurgitation |
| What cardiac chamber pressures are associated with MR? | Increase in LA pressure during systole due to regurgitation of blood form LV into the LA |
| What are serum electrolyte imbalances associated with OHS? | Hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis |
| Which acid-base imbalance is associated with OHS? | Respiratory acidosis |
| What is the cardiac complication of OHS? | Pulmonary HTN, which can cause right heart failure, leading to increased JVD, hepatomegaly and edema |
| What are the 4 main signs of right sided HF? | Pulmonary hypertension leads to JVD, hepatomegaly, and edema |
| What are the symptoms of hypermagnesemia? | Nausea, lethargy, weakness, and diminished deep tendon reflex, along with ECG changes |
| What is the effect on TBG level in setting of elevated estrogen levels? | Increase in hepatic synthesis of TBG |
| How are the levels of free T3, T4, and TSH in cases of person with increased level of estrogen? | Normal |
| What is a common adverse effect of Clozapine? | Hypersalivation |
| Which antipsychotic medication is known to cause hypersalivation? | Clozapine |
| When is saliva isotonic? | At high flow rates |
| When is saliva hypotonic? | At low flow rates |
| Why is saliva hypotonic at slow flow rates? | Due to ductal epithelium has more time to modify the secretion by reabsorption Na+ an Cl- and secreting K+ |
| What is the result of an increased salivary flow? | Salivary K+ levels decrease and HCO3- levels increase |
| Wha is a common complication of RAS? | Secondary hyperaldosteronism |
| What is a common cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism? | RAS |
| What is the effect of renin secretion in the affected kidney in the setting of RAS? | Increased renin secretion by the affected kidney |
| In unilateral RAS, which kidney, affected or unaffected, will produce decreased levels of renin? | Unaffected kidney |
| What force or pressure is altered leading to pulmonary edema seen in heart failure? | Increase in capillary fluid hydrostatic pressure |
| What causes the increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in heart failure leading to pulmonary edema? | Left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction, which causes fluid to move from the capillaries into the alveoli |
| Which hormone is responsible for appetite suppression? | Leptin |
| What is the role or function of Leptin? | Responsible for appetite suppression |
| What conditions or settings have a positive (increased) effect on levels of Leptin? | 1. High body mass index 2. Increased food intake 3. High glucose 4. High insulin |
| Does hyperglycemia cause a positive or negative effect on serum levels of Leptin? | Positive |
| What is a common trigger for insulin secretion after eating? | Stimulated by incretins, which are released from the gut cells after eating |
| What is the role of Incretins? | Stimulate insulin release by the pancreas |
| What synthesis beta-hCG after fertilization? | Syncytiotropholbast |
| What is the main function of LH? | Control the menstrual cycle and cause ovulation, specifically promoting follicle rupture |
| Which menstrual related hormone main function is to promote follicle rupture? | LH |
| What is the brain complication of hypernatremia? | Lead to hyperosmolarity, which causes water to move out of the brain into the blood |
| What is a consequence of too raid correction of hypernatremia? | Cerebral edema due to sudden decrease of serum osmolality and a sudden and quick shift of water into the brain |
| Tachycardia is seen as a narrow complex QRS without P waves or with inverted P waves | Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia |
| What type of transport is inhibited in the DCT by thiazide diuretics? | Secondary active transport |
| Which type of diuretics are known to inhibit the DCT secondary active transport of Na+ and Cl- symporters? | Thiazides |
| Which type o patients are often seen with low serum Mg2+ levels? | Heavy alcohol users |
| What causes hypokalemia in patients with Hypomagnesemia? | Renal potassium wasting |
Created by:
rakomi
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