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cell-micro-transport
cells-organelles-micro-transport
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| active transport | type of movement of particles into or out of the cell that requires energy input from the cell |
| Brownian movement | random motion of particles due to the orbit and spin of electrons around the nucleus of all atoms involved |
| diffusion | movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive transport |
| endocytosis | process of moving large 'chunks' of material into the cell that forms vesicles; active transport |
| equilibrium | condition that is indicated when concentrations are the same inside and outside the cell; water moves in and out at the same rate |
| exocytosis | process of moving large 'chunks' of material out of the cell through the use of vesicles; active transport |
| facilitated diffusion | type of passive transport that requires the presence of carrier molecules or channel proteins to allow diffusion of particles |
| fluid mosaic model | term that is used to describe the consistency and make-up of the plasma membrane of cells |
| hypertonic | water moves out faster than in & the cell shrinks; solution with a higher solute concentration than inside the cell |
| hypotonic | solution with a lower solute concentration than inside the cell; water moves in faster than out & the cell swells |
| isotonic | same concentration inside and outside the cell; is at equilibrium and water moves in and out at the same rate |
| osmosis | type of diffusion that only involves water moving across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration |
| passive transport | type of movement of particles in or out of a cell that does not require energy input from the cell |
| permease | proteins that allow for specific materials to diffuse into or out of a cell |
| phagocytosis | process of the cell 'eating' solid food particles; type of active transport |
| pinocytosis | process of the cell 'drinking' liquid droplets; type of active transport |
| plasma membrane(s) | another term for 'cell membrane'; is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| plasmolysis | when a plant cell loses too much water, the cell shrinks and its plasma membrane 'breaks away' from the cell wall |
| proton pump | protein complex in the cell membrane that actively moves positive atomic particles across the membrane (low to high) |
| semipermeable | some things are allowed to pass through, while others are not able to cross |
| division of labor | concept that describes how each cell type in an organism has a specific job to do, so that any one cell type doesn't have to do everything by itself |
| microfilaments | these structures make up part of the cytoskeleton in living cells as well as part of your muscle cells, allowing them to contract |
| mitochondria | these organelles have a double-layered membrane and are used to release energy from food particles brought into the cell |
| ribosomes | in all living cells, proteins needed for 'life' functions are all synthesized (built) on these structures |
| fluid mosaic model | this term is a way of describing the liquid composition of the lipid bilayer that also includes things that are embedded or 'stuck' in that liquid membrane |
| chromatin | the mass of genetic material found inside the nuclear membrane that will turn into individual chromosomes when the cell gets ready to divide |
| organelle | a specific package or area inside a living cell that is specialized to carry out a specific task so the cell can function and survive |
| diffusion | how particles move randomly from where there are very high numbers of them toward areas where there are a lot fewer of those particles |
| centrioles | structures found in animal cells but NOT plant cells; they are responsible for controlling cell division (mitosis) |
| multicellular | these types of organisms are composed of many, many cells (and cell types) instead of just one single cell |
| functions | all cells perform basic life _____ through the use of specific organelles that allow the cell to survive |
| cells | these are considered to be the basic units of structure and function in living, multicellular organisms |
| nucleoplasm | the liquid material (protoplasm) of a cell that is only found inside the nuclear membrane |
| water | protoplasm contains proteins, fats, oils, carbohydrates, minerals, and ions, but is composed MOSTLY (about 70%) of this… |
| unicellular | organisms that are composed of just a single cell that performs all life functions by itself are considered to be… |
| digest | all living cells must be able to _____ the tiny food particles it receives in order to release the chemical energy stored in them to carry out 'life' functions |
| cytoplasm | the liquid material (protoplasm) of a cell that can only be found outside the nucleus |
| plasma (cell) membrane | structure composed of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins that controls movement into and out of living cells |
| endoplasmic reticulum | serves as a 'highway system' for transporting proteins and other particles within a cell; is sometimes covered with ribosomes |
| cytoplasm | a gel-like, watery substance that supports cell shape, holds organelles in place, and stores dissolved nutrients and minerals in suspension |
| mitochondria | uses oxygen to break down small food molecules and release energy by breaking chemical bonds; the 'powerhouse' of the cell |
| ribosome | the site of amino acid linkage; it's function is similar to a protein 'assembly line' or 'manufacturing plant' |
| chloroplast | responsible for 'food' production in producer cells using light energy and raw materials from the soil and air |
| cilia | lots of tiny little 'hairs' that are used to move things across the cell surface OR to move the cell through its environment |
| cytoskeleton | internal arrangement of microtubules and microfilaments used for maintaining cell shape and aids in cell division |
| peroxisome | acts as a sort of 'detox center' for the cell by changing toxins or other harmful substances (like fatty acids and alcohol) into water and carbon dioxide |
| nucleolus | part of the control center whose function is to provide the cell with the necessary 'parts' of the protein-making organelles |
| central vacuole | this is used primarily for storage of water, starch, or waste in plant cells - kind of like a living 'warehouse' |
| Golgi apparatus | the 'post office' of a living cell, since it repackages, labels, and ships newly formed proteins to where they are needed in the cell |
| lysosome | this organelle helps out the 'powerhouse' by breaking down large food particles into smaller pieces that it can use directly, acting like a 'stomach' for the cell |
| cell wall | cell structure found only in plant cells; it acts as an outside support system, composed of cellulose; think of a 'rough-framed' house with no siding or sheetrock |
| nucleus | primary cell organelle that is surrounded by a double-membrane; contains genetic material (DNA) and is known as the 'brain' of the cell |
| vesicles | produced by Golgi apparatus, cell membrane, or endoplasmic reticulum; these act as temporary storage packets and are often called the 'backpacks' of the cell |
| active transport | variety of ways used to move materials across a membrane - requires energy from a living cell |
| phagocytosis | literally, 'process of cell eating' |
| permease | literally, 'enzyme used to pass through' |
| plasmolysis | literally, 'process of breaking/loosening cell membrane' |
| equilibrium | literally, 'even balance' |
| hypertonic | literally, 'above normal tension or pressure' |
| osmosis | literally, 'process of pushing fluid through' |
| isotonic | literally, 'equal tension or pressure' |
| facilitated diffusion | type of passive transport that uses carriers or channels to move materials across a membrane |
| passive transport | any way of moving materials across a membrane that does not need cell energy |
| endocytosis | literally, 'process of moving into cells' |
| diffusion | literally, 'a pouring out or scattering' |
| Brownian movement | random movement of particles from collisions caused by the spin and orbit of electrons |
| exocytosis | literally, 'process of moving out of cells' |
| semipermeable | literally, 'partial ability to pass through' |
| hypotonic | literally, 'below normal tension or pressure' |
| plasma membrane | outer boundary of all living cells - regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell |
| pinocytosis | literally, 'process of cell drinking' |
| ocular lens | what you look through on a microscope to see an image |
| objective lens | the part of a microscope that magnifies the object found directly below it |
| barrel / body tube | microscope part that allows light rays to get to the eyepiece so the image can be seen |
| coarse adjustment | you only touch this part of the microscope when it is on low power |
| fine adjustment | this part is used to clarify any image to be used for lab observations |
| stage | where the slide is fixed so that the specimen can be viewed |
| aperture | the hole in the stage that allows for light rays to pass through the specimen |
| diaphragm | how the light intensity is adjusted in a compound light microscope |
| arm | one of the two 'handles' used when carrying a microscope |
| revolving nosepiece | part of the microscope that allows one to change levels of magnification easily |
| rotating headpiece | feature that allows lab members on both sides of the lab table to view images |
| parfocal | term that basically means 'same point of convergence' - focus on one is nearly equal to others |
| polar | molecules with slight positivie and negative areas of charge from unequal sharing of electrons |
| hydrophobic | literally, 'water-fearing' - these substances do not interact with water |
| non-polar | molecules with no positive or negative areas of charge - electrons are shared euqally |
| hydrophilic | literally, 'water-loving' - these substances interact well with water |
| phospholipid | specialized fat that has replaced one of its fatty acid chains with a polar phosphate group |
| lipid bilayer | descriptive term used to explain the basic structure and consistency of most cellular membranes |
| marker | proteins imbedded in the membrane that are used as 'ID cards' or 'name-tags' for living cells |
| channel | proteins found in cellular membranes that regulate movement across it |
| receptor | proteins found on plasma membranes that receive information about its environment |
| concentration gradient | often portrayed as a 'hill' - why substances flow passively in one direction or the other |
| cytolysis | ultimate outcome in animal cells when placed in an extremely hypotonic solution |
| crenation | when placed in hypertonic solutions and shrivel up, cells are said to have undergone this |
| chemiosmosis | using high-energy electrons to develop and maintain concentration gradients at a membrane |
| sodium/potassium pump | form of active transport used in many organisms that allow for muscle cell contractions |
| fluid mosaic model | description of the composition of the lipid bilayer, including things that are embedded in it |
| organelles | packets' inside a living cell that are specialized to carry out specific tasks |
Created by:
nstevens
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