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bio 233 chapter 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is anatomy? | structure or what and where |
| what is physiology? | function or how and why |
| what are the 11 organ systems? | integumentary(skin), skeletal ( bones), muscular (muscles), nervous ( brain), endocrine ( hormonal), cardiovascular ( heart), lymphatic ( immune), respiratory( breathing), digestive (eating ), urinary (elimanating waste), reproductive (making babies) |
| what is homeostasis ? | all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment. |
| what is failure to function within a normal range can cause death? | homeostasis |
| what is the homeostasis receptors? | receives the stimulus |
| what is the homeostasis control center? | the brain processes the signal and sends instructions |
| what is the homeostasis effectors? | carries out the instructions |
| what is positive feedback? | blood clotting and giving birth |
| what is homeostasis like ? | a state of equilibrium opposing forces are in balance. |
| supine | lying down face up |
| prone | lying down face down |
| 4 abdominopelvic quadrants | liver> spleen appendix> colon |
| 9 abdominopelvic regions | hypochondriac> epigastric> hypochondriac transpyloric plan lumbar>umbilical> lumbar intertubercular plan inguinal>hypogastric > inguinal |
| thoracic cavity | pleural cavity, pericardial cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity |
| dorsal cavity | cranial cavity, spinal cavity |
| what are atomic particles | protons + neutrons 0 electrons - |
| neutrons = | atomic mass- atomic number |
| atomic weight | exact mass of all particles. average of the naturally occurring isotopes |
| ionic bonds | attraction between cations (+) and anions (-) transfer of electrons |
| covalent bonds | results from sharing of electrons of atoms to complete their outer shell sharing electrons |
| hydrogen bonds | partially positive hydrogen is attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule |
| decomposition reaction | catabolism break down example: eating AB > A+B |
| SYNTHESIS REACTION | anabolism build up example: joining together proteins A+B> AB |
| Exchange reaction | reversible, homeostasis AB+CD <> AD+ CB |
| exergonic reaction | produce more energy then they use |
| endergonic energy | use more energy than they produce |
| pH | the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution |
| acid | 1-7 has more H+ |
| base | 7-14 has less H+ |
| what does excess H+ ions (low pH) do? | damages cells and tissues, alters proteins, interferes with normal function |
| what does excess OH-(high pH) do? | rare, poisoning |
| acidosis | excess H+ in body fluid |
| alkalosis | excess OH- in body fluid |
| simple carbohydrates | monosaccharides(with 3-7 carbon atoms ) disaccharides (2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis |
| complex carbohydrates | chains of many simple sugars |
| carbohydrates ! | are quick energy sources and components of membranes |
| lipids ! | have many functions including membrane structure and energy storage |
| lipids | fatty acids saturated (hydrogen) unsaturated ( hydrogen bonds ) |
| nonessential proteins | our body can make |
| essential proteins | our body can't make |
| 7 major functions of proteins | support, movement, transport, buffering regulation of pH, metabolic regulation- enzymes, coordination & control - hormones, defense - antibodies |
| proteins | controls structure and function, determines cell shape and tissue properties, performs almost all cell function |
| polypeptides | a long chain of amino acids |
| enzymes | proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction |
| enzymes characteristics | specify jobs for each kind, saturation limits, regulation |
| cell membrane | selective permeable membrane made up of phospholipid with protein scattered around acting as receptors |
| Cytoplasm | the gel-like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it |
| Cytoplasmic organelles | mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes: |
| Mitochondria | are enclosed by a double membrane and function in the production of ATP |
| Ribosomes | are granules of RNA that function in protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of membranous channels that function in the transport of molecules: | rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes associated with it and transports proteins smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes and it transports certain lipids |
| Golgi | apparatus modifies substances that are produced in other parts of the cell and prepares these products for secretion |
| Lysosomes | contain enzymes that break down substances taken in at the cell membrane; they also destroy cellular debris |
| Cytoskeleton | is formed from microfilaments and microtubules and helps to maintain the shape of the cell |
| Centrioles | function in cell division |
| Cilia | are short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell |
| Flagella | are long, threadlike, projections that move the cell |
| Simple diffusion | is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration; it may take place through a permeable membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion | requires a special carrier molecule but still moves particles down a concentration gradient. |
| Osmosis | is the diffusion of solvent or water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
Created by:
armcneal
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