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Pathology FA
Round 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is used to treat CML? | Imatinib |
| MOA of Imatinib | Inhibits the tyrosine kinase encoded by the BCR-ABL fusion gene |
| Which fusion gene is associated with CML? | BCR-ALB fusion gene |
| Which enzyme is inhibited the Imatinib? | Tyrosine kinase |
| What causes Lupus nephritis? | Deposition of glomerular immune complexes that activate the complement cascade and cause damage |
| Which glomerular disease is associated with immune complexes deposited and leading the complement cascade activation? | Lupus nephritis |
| Which neurotransmitter is low in patients with Alzheimer disease? | Acetylcholine |
| Low ACh, decreased acetylcholinesterase and reduced expression of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, what is the most likely nerudenegive disodre? | Alzheimer disease |
| Which gene is mutated in Achondroplasia? | FGFR-3 gene |
| What is the inheritance pattern of Achondroplasia? | Autosomal Dominant |
| What causes Achondroplasi? | Defective chondrocyte activity during the process of endochondral bone formation |
| Which type of bone formation is affected in Achondroplasia? | Endochondral bone formation |
| Which cells are specifically affected in Achondroplasi? | Chondrocytes |
| What is the result of increased protease activity in Emphysema? | Decreased surface area for gas exchange |
| In Emphysema, the increase protease activity leads to: | Lung destruction of alveoli, leading to a decreased surface areas for gas exchange |
| What is the classic way to describe breathing form of a patient with Emphysema? | Pursed-lip breathing |
| Is barrel chest a form to describe emphysema or chronic bronchitis patients? | Emphysema |
| What are the classic physical findings of Rickets? | Femoral and tibial bowing, frontal bossing, widening of the costochondral junction, and craniotabes. |
| What is the affection of bone due to Vitamin D deficiency? | Impaired mineralization of bone |
| Vitamin D deficiency in kids. Dx? | Rickets |
| What is the MC type of cancer in men? | Prostate cancer |
| What is a bone related symptom of prostate cancer? | Metastatic osteoblastic lesions |
| How is Cholelithiasis clinically presented? | Biliary colic and intermittent postprandial abdominal pain. |
| What is MCC of gallstones? | Increased excretion of free cholesterol into the bile, which lead to supersaturation and stone formation |
| Increased excretion of cholesterol into the bile. Dx? | Cholelithiasis |
| What type of hypersensitivity is Grave's disease? | Type II |
| What are the associated antidotes of Grave's disease? | Anti-THS receptor antibodies |
| What is the preferred lab technique to diagnose Grave's disease? | ELISA |
| What is the most probable cause of anemia in an exclusively breastfed infant? | Iron-deficiency anemia |
| Is the ferritin level in Iron deficiency anima increased or decreased? | Decreased |
| In TIBC increased or decreased in Iron -deficient anemia? | Increased |
| Wath is an imperforate hymen? | Obstruction of the vaginal opening and characterized by primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sexual characteristics and cyclic abdominal pain |
| Which anemia is known to have decreased MCV and serum ferritin but increased TIBC? | Iron-deficiency anemia |
| What are the most common symptoms of Laryngeal Sumos cell carcinoma? | Hoarseness of the voice, dysphagia, and weight loss |
| What are the most important risk factors for Laryngeal Squamous Cell carcinoma? | Smoking and alcohol use |
| Which cells secrete Gastrin? | G cells of the stomach |
| What is the most common pancreatic cancer associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? | Gastrinoma |
| Wich condition is presented with multiple gastric and duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, and epigastric pain? | Zollinger-Ellison |
| What are the findings of a Burkitt lymphoma biopsy? | Sheets of lymphocytes stain positive for CD20 |
| What virus is strongly associated with Burkitt lymphoma? | EBC |
| What is the structure of EBV? | Linear double stranded DNA virus |
| What are findings of a duodenal biopsy in a patient with Celiac disease? | Villous blunting and crypt hyperplasia |
| What test is required to diagnose Celiac disease? | Duodenal biopsy |
| Is Cushing syndrome associated with abnormally low or high Cortisol level? | High cortisol |
| Which part of the adrenal gland is known to secrete cortisol? | Zona Fasciculata |
| Which substance is secreted by the Z fasciculata of the adrenal gland? | Cortisol |
| A hypertrophy of the Z. fasciculata will indicate what disease or syndrome? | Cushing syndrome |
| What are some complication of elevated levels of Growth Hormone in Acromegaly? | Impaired glucose tolerance and Diabetes mellitus |
| Which type of non-Hodgkin leukemia is characterized by an increased number of immature myeloid cells at various stages of develoment? | CML |
| What is the associated translocation of CML? | t (9;22) |
| What is the most common description of CRX in Sarcoidosis? | Bilateral hilar changes |
| What is the histopathologic hallmark of a lymph node biopsy in Sarcoidosis? | Non-caseating granulomas |
| What are the contents of the non-caseating granulomas of Sarcoidosis? | Calcium and protein inclusions (Schumann bodies) or asteroid bodies |
| Which condition is associated with protein inclusions known as Schumann bodes? | Sarcoidosis |
| Are the granulomas in Sarcoidosis caseating or non-caseating? | Non-caseating granulomas |
| AD; CAG trinucleotide repeats. Dx? | Huntington disease |
| Mode of inheritance of Huntington's disease? | Autosomal dominant |
| Which protein is coded with CAG repeats in Huntington disease? | mHTT |
| Which enzymatic system is deficient in Huntington disease? | Ubiquitin-Proteasome system |
| What is the result of a deficient Ubiquitin-Proteasome system? | mHTT aggregates in the caudate nucleus, leading to Huntington disease |
| Which part of the brain is affected in Huntington's disease? | Caudate nucleus |
| How long after initial MI does neutrophil infiltration starts? | 12-24 hours and significantly increases at 1 to 3 days after MI |
| What type of necrosis is seen in myocardial infarction? | Coagulative necrosis |
| What is the histological description of cells undergoing coagulative necrosis? | Cells appear to have same outline, but NO NUCLEI are present |
| Histological description of Small Cell Lung carcinoma? | Round, oval, or angulated cells that have tiny amounts of cytoplasm |
| Skip lesions in the bowel is characteristic of Crohn's or UC disease? | Crohn disease |
| What are the histological findings of Crohn disease? | Transmural inflammation with mucosal destruction and NON-CASEATING granulomas |
| Non-caseating granulomas in the GI tract. UC or Crohn disease? | Crohn disease |
| What are the findings on PBS in a ITP sample? | Increased number of normal platelets |
| What is the key fining on BM biopsy in a ITP patient sample? | Megakaryocytes |
| Are Megakaryocytes findings of the BM biopsy or PBS on ITP? | Bone Marrow biopsy |
| Which social disorder is often associated with Tuberous Sclerosis? | Autism |
| What are the cutaneous findings or features of Tuberous sclerosis? | Benign hamartomas and Ash-leaf spots |
| What is the most common presentation of symptoms of ALL? | Fever, leukocytosis, petechiae, and mediastinal mass in adolescents |
| Which is more common in adolescents, T-ALLs or B-ALL? | T-ALL |
| Which more common in children, T-ALL or B-ALL? | B-cell ALL |
| Which is the specific staining of T- cell ALL? | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdap) |
| Which cell have TDAP +? | T-Lymphocyte precursors |
| What is secreted by a Gastrinoma? | Acid by the stomach Parietal cell |
| Which GI hormone induces secretion of acid by stomach parietal cells? | Gastrin |
| Which cells commonly produce Gastrin? | G cells |
| Which B -cell leukemia is highly associated with splenomegaly? | Hairy cell leukemia |
| What is the pathology of Hairy cell leukemia? | Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that causes accumulation of B-cells in spleen (splenomegaly) and bone |
| What gives its "hairy" apperacna to cells in Hairy cell leukemia? | Abundant cytoplasm , which can cause BM fibrosis |
| Which hematologic values are low in Anemia of chronic disease? | Low TIBC and Low Reticulocyte count |
| Which hematologic value is elevated or increased in Anemia of chronic disease? | High ferritin |
| To what are the autoantibodies in ITP directed against? | GpIIb/IIIa |
| Antibodies against GpIIb/IIIa. Dx? | ITP |
| What autoimmune and hematologic condition can be suspected in a child few weeks after an URI? | ITP |
| What is the result of autoantibodies that lead to platelet destruction? | Thrombocytopenia |
| What causes the normal levels of catecholamines in Pheochromocytoma? | Leakage of NE from postsynaptic sympathetic neurons |
| What is a common physical characteristic of neonates from a mother with Gestational DM? | Larger babies than expected for their gestational age |
| The combination of prematurity and GDM, increases the risk for: | NRDS |
| What is the cause for NRDS? | Insufficient surfactant levels |
| What condition is due to deficiency surfactant levels? | NRDS |
| Which hernia can be mistaken by GERD due to similarity of symptoms? | Sliding hiatal hernia |
| A patient with GERD is at higher risk for: | Barrett esophagus that can progress to Esophageal adenocarcinoma |
| What is a Cushing ulcer? | Stress ulcer associated with ICP and increased parasympathetic activity |
| Is a Cushing ulcer associated with increased sympathetic or parasympathetic activity? | Parasympathetic |
| What is the most common feature of ICP in a patient? | Papilledema |
| What are the most common features of Meigs syndrome? | Abdominal fullness, ovarian mass, ascites, and pleural effusion (hydrothorax) |
| What is the most common histological finding of an ovarian fibroma? | Collagen-rich, monomorphic spindle cells |
| What is the most common cause of peripheral disequilibrium? | BPPV |
| How does BPPV present? | Brief episodes of vertigo, exacerbated by head rotation without auditory symptoms |
| What condition is presented by a patient with losing balance as he or she turns head to the side? | BPPV |
| What is the MCC of BPPV? | Dislodgement of calcium otoliths in the semicircular canals |
| What condition is associated with presence of Ca2+ otoliths in the Semicircular canal of the ear? | BPPV |
| What type of hypersensitivity is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis? | Mixed type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions |
| Which non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by painless lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly and B symptoms? | Mantle cell lymphoma |
| How is the lymphadenopathy in Mantle cell lymphoma often described? | Painless associated lymphadenopathy |
| What is the translocation of Mantle cell lymphoma? | t (11;14) |
| t (11;14). Dx? | Mantle cell lymphoma |
| When is Endometritis most commonly presented? | Soon after birth, especially via C-section or if there are retain conception products |
| What benign endometrial condition is presented with pelvic pain, vaginall discharge, fever, and most commonly after birth by C-section? | Endometritis |
| How are Uterine fibrinoids (leiomyomas) originate? | Benign growth of myocytes within the uterus |
| How are symptomatic patients of uterine fibroids presented upon examination? | Firm uterus with an irregular contours, and may present with bleeding, ain, and increased urinary frequency or pelvic pressure |
| What type of receptor activity is associated with IGF-1? | Tyrosine Kinase receptor activity |
| What liver protein is increased in production with elevated levels of GH? | IGF-1 |
| What are some common cause(s) of Non Systolic Heart failure? | After hypertension or aortic stenosis and causes LV hypertrophy |
| Which cardiac chamber is enlarged or hypertrophied by non-systolic HF? | Left ventricle |
| Hypertension and Aortic stenosis are common causes of: | Non-systolic heart failure leading to LV hypertrophy |
| In non-systolic heart failure, the hypertrophy of the LV is due by adding sarcomeres in which manner? | Sarcomere adding in PARALLEL |
| Parallel or Series. Hypertrophy due to non systolic HF? | Parallel |
| What are the BP and electrolyte imbalances associated the Primary adrenal insufficiency? | Hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia |
| Which is the only electrolyte in excess in primary Adrenal insufficiency? | Hyperkalemia |
| Which neurotransmitter is decreased or deficient in Alzheimer's disease? | Acetylcholine |
| Other than ACh, what other receptors or enzymes are low in Alzheimer disease? | Low acetylcholinesterase, and reduced expression of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors |
| What is a common consequence of hyperparathyroidism? | Hypercalcemia and recurrent kidney stones |
| Why is there recurrently of nephrolithiasis in MEN 1? | Due to hypercalcemia caused by Hyperparathyroidism |
| What is the histological description of Anaplastic thyroid cancer cells? | Pleomorphic spindle cells |
| Which type of Thyroid cancer is seen with Pleomorphic spindle cells? | Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma |
| Which IBS is associated with "continuous lesions" and always involves the recturm? | Ulcerative colitis |
| What are the classic histological findings of UC? | 1. Superficial mucosal inflammation and, 1. Crypt abscesses |
Created by:
rakomi
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