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Pattern Formation
Bio 3 Lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pattern formation? When does it start? What does it involve? | It's the basic body plan in an embryo. During gastrulation. This process involves the establishment of anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axis (polarity). |
| What is early patterning due to? | To genetic control |
| What are the 2 genetic pathways that control the polarity in the Drosophila embryo? | (1) The Bicoid and Nanos proteins= A/P (2) The Dorsal protein= D/V |
| What do master regulators do? What does this information induce? | They allow cells of multicellular organisms to gain information about their relative locations in the body. It induces genetic changes (activated by master regulators). |
| What does the term "master regulator" indicates? | a gene that occupies the very top of a regulatory hierarchy |
| In animals, what activates the genes required for the formation of certain body structures? | In fruit flies, it's the concentration of bicoid factor |
| How is the determination of structures accomplished? | With the activation genes |
| What is the segmentation in animals due to? | To homeotic genes (Hox genes), which are master regulators |
| What is a Hox gene? | A gene that controls the development of a particular body part. |
| What affects differentiation in plants? | Auxin (hormone signal) |
| What is the predominant homeotic gene family in plants? | The MADS-box genes |
| What processes does MADS-box genes control? | Root and floral development (2 processes) |
| What happens to the cell cycle after cleavage? | The rate of cell division slows and normal cell cycle is restored |
| What is morphogenesis? | A process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations |
| What does morphogenesis involve? | Gastrulation (movement of cells from surface to interior of embryo) and organigenesis (formation of organs) |
| What does gastrulation rearranges the cells into? | Rearranged into a three layer embryo called a gastrula. |
| What are the embryonic germ layers and what do they do? | (1) The ectoderm forms the outer layer (2) The endoterm lines the digestive tract (3) The mesoderm partly fills space between endoderm and ectoderm |
| What does the ectoderm form/do? | Becomes the nervous and sensory system, the jaws and teeth. Also epidermis of the skin and germ cells |
| What does the mesoderm form/do? | Becomes the skeletal and muscular systems, the circulatory and lymphatic systems, and the excretory and reproductive systems (excep germ cells) |
| What does the endoderm form/do? | Lining of the digestive tract and associated with organs (liver, pancreas). Lining of respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts and ducts. Also thymus, thyroid and parathyroids glands. |
| What is the term to say programmed cell death? What happens to the remains of these cells? | Apoptosis. The remains are taken by surroinding cells |
| What happens during apoptosis? | The cell shrivels and shrinks. |
| How is cell death planned? | It's through gene control during morphogenesis |
| In humans, which gene activates the cell death program of nerve cells? | Apaf1 |
| What gene represses apoptosis? | blc2 |
Created by:
Malayka
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