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Differentiation
Bio 3 Lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can cells become different from one another? | Due to differential expression of genes (under gene control) |
| Cell differentiation = | Cell fate :) |
| What has been used to study the process of differentiation? | Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells (in culture) |
| What do Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells give rise to? | different types of blood,cardiac muscles and neural cells |
| What is a cytoplasmic determinant? | It's what determines or fixes the germ cell fate at the earliest stage of development. |
| What acts as cytoplasmic determinants? | Pigment granules |
| What are the 2 possible ways that a cell might follow its pathway (be determined)? | Either cytoplasmic determinants or cell-to-cell interaction (induction) |
| How can we know whether a cell is determined or not? | You move the cells to a different location in the embryo during development. If they develop according to their new position: they're not determined. |
| What has allowed cloning or asexual cell division to occur? | De-differentiation |
| What happens if you transplant tail cells into head cells and the cells are determined? | The tail cells develop into tail cells in the head! |
| What happens if you transplant tail cells into head cells and the cells are not determined? | The tail cells develop into head cells in the head! |
| What is special about organismal cloning (conception and result)? | It produces one or more organisms that are genetically identical to the parent that donated a single cell. |
| What can generate a complete new organism? | A totipotent cell |
| What did they use for the first animal cloning experiment? (in the 1960s and 70s) | They used SCNT, the transplanted the nucleus of amphibians with the nucleus of the same species. |
| What do experiment with frog embryos show? | The older the donor nucleus, the lower the % of normally developping tadpoles |
| What's the difference in using the nucleus of an early embryo and an adult organism? | The early embryo has higher chances of developing (into a tadpole). Most of the adult nucleus only become an embryo and don't develop into a tadpole. The reason is that the early embryo has a less differentiated cell than the fully differentiated cell |
| Is differentation reversible for animals? What's the proof? | Yes, Dolly the sheep proves it |
| What can we program the nucleus of a fully differentiated cell to become? | Program it into being totipotent |
| What does SCNT stand for and what is it? | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, it's the process used to introduce a mammary somatic nucleus into an egg |
| What were the steps in obtaining Dolly the sheep? (animal cloning) | (1)Differentiated mammary cells were removed from the udder of a 6 year old sheep (2)The eggs obtained from a ewe were unnucleated (3) The mammary and egg cells were combined using SCNT (4) Embryos were placed in surrogate mother sheep & Dolly was born |
| Explain the process of SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) | A mammary cell is extracted and placed in a sln that stops the cell cycle. An egg cell is extracted and the nucleus is removed from the egg. The mammary cell is inserted inside the egg cell. An electric shock fuses them and triggers cell division. (Suite) |
| Explain the process of SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) (Suite) | The embryo begins to develop in vitro and is then implanted into the surrogate mother. |
| [Dolly info] How many egg/nucleus combinations were successful into becoming an embryo? | 29 out of 277 |
| What are the problems with reproductive cloning? | (1) Low success rate and age associated with diseases (premature death, offspring oversize). (2) Lack of imprinting (Not enough time to reprogram and remodel the DNA), normal mammalian development relies on genetic imprinting. |
| How to reprogram adult cells to become pluripotent cells without the use of embryos? (See slide 23 for visual) | (1)The fusion of ES cells to differentiated somatic cells (2)The culture of germ cells and adult stem cells after a long time in culture (3)The use of specific transcription factors. |
| What is therapeutic cloning? | It's like reproductive cloning, but instead of using the embryo to develop a fetus, you extract the stem cell in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and induce the stem cells to grow into any tissue type. |
| Is human cloning acceptable in Canada? | It only allows stem cell research on unimplanted embryos ontained from fertility clinics. SCNT is forbidded. |
Created by:
Malayka
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