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chapter 4
Integumentary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| skin | organ covering the body; made up of layers |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin; protects the body from the external environment |
| keratin | scleroprotein component of the horny, or cornified, layer of the epidermis. Also, the primary component of the hair and nails |
| melanin | dark pigment produced by melanocytes; amount present determines skin color |
| hair | compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers |
| nails | horny plates made from flattened epithelial cells; found on the dorsal surface of the ends of the fingers and toes |
| sebaceous glands | secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis |
| sudoriferous (sweat) glands | tiny, coiled, tubular structures that emerge through pores on the skin's surface and secrete sweat |
| dermis | inner layer of skin; responsible for its flexibility and mechanical strength |
| cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o | skin |
| hidr/o | sweat |
| kerat/o | horny tissue (keratin), hard (Note: kerat/o is also used to refer to the cornea of the eye; see Chapter 12.) |
| onych/o, ungu/o | nail |
| seb/o | sebum (oil) |
| aut/o | self |
| bi/o | life |
| coni/o | dust |
| crypt/o | hidden |
| heter/o | other |
| myc/o | fungus |
| necr/o | death (cells, body) |
| pachy/o | thick |
| rhytid/o | wrinkles |
| staphyl/o | grapelike clusters |
| strept/o | twisted chains |
| xer/o | dry, dryness |
| epi- | on, upon, over |
| intra- | within |
| para- | beside, beyond, around, abnormal |
| per- | through |
| sub- | under, below |
| trans- | through, across, beyond |
| -a | noun suffix, no meaning |
| -coccus (pl. -cocci) | berry-shaped (form of bacterium) |
| -ectomy | excision or surgical removal |
| -ia | diseased or abnormal state, condition of |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -malacia | softening |
| -opsy | view of, viewing |
| -phagia | eating or swallowing |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -rrhea | flow, discharge |
| -tome | instrument used to cut |
| dermatitis | inflammation of the skin (Fig. 4.2) |
| dermatoconiosis | abnormal condition of the skin caused by dust |
| dermatofibroma | fibrous tumor of the skin |
| hidradenitis | inflammation of a sweat gland |
| keratosis | abnormal condition (growth) of horny tissue (keratin) |
| leiodermia | condition of smooth skin |
| onychocryptosis | abnormal condition of a hidden nail (also called ingrown nail) |
| onychomalacia | softening of the nails |
| onychomycosis | abnormal condition of a fungus in the nails (Exercise Figure B) |
| onychophagia | eating the nails (nail biting) |
| pachyderma | thickening of the skin |
| paronychia | diseased state around the nail (Exercise Figure B) (Note: the a from para- has been dropped. The final vowel in a prefix may be dropped when the word to which it is added begins with a vowel.) |
| seborrhea | discharge of sebum (excessive) |
| xanthoma | yellow tumor (benign, primarily in the skin) |
| xeroderma | dry skin (a mild form of a cutaneous disorder characterized by keratinization and noninflammatory scaling) |
| abrasion | scraping away of the skin by mechanical process or injury |
| abscess | localized collection of pus |
| acne | inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles |
| actinic keratosis | precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight. It may evolve into a squamous cell carcinoma. |
| albinism | congenital hereditary condition characterized by partial or total lack of pigment (melanin) in the skin, hair, and eyes |
| basal cell carcinoma (BCC) | malignant epithelial tumor arising from the bottom layer of the epidermis called the basal layer; it seldom metastasizes, but invades local tissue and may recur in the same location. Common in individuals who have had excessive sun exposure. (Fig. 4.3) |
| candidiasis | infection of the skin, mouth (also called thrush), or vagina caused by the yeast-type fungus Candida albicans. |
| carbuncle | infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue composed of a cluster of boils (furuncles, see below) caused by staphylococcal bacteria |
| cellulitis | inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection; characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling |
| contusion | injury with no break in the skin, characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration (also called a bruise) |
| eczema | noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching |
| fissure | slit or cracklike sore in the skin |
| furuncle | painful skin nodule caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle (also called a boil) (Fig. 4.4) |
| gangrene | death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion (a form of necrosis) |
| herpes | inflammatory skin disease caused by herpes virus characterized by small blisters in clusters. |
| impetigo | superficial skin infection characterized by pustules and caused by either staphylococci or streptococci (see Table 4.1) |
| infection | invasion of pathogens in body tissue. An acute infection may remain localized if the body's defense mechanisms are effective or may persist to become subacute or chronic |
| Kaposi sarcoma | cancerous condition starting as purple or brown papules on the lower extremities that spreads through the skin to the lymph nodes and internal organs; frequently seen with AIDS |
| laceration | torn, ragged-edged wound |
| lesion | any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease. It is a broad term that includes sores, wounds, ulcers, and tumors. |
| MRSA infection | invasion of body tissue by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of common bacteria that has developed resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics. |
| pediculosis | invasion into the skin and hair by lice |
| psoriasis | chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales |
| rosacea | chronic disorder of the skin that produces erythema, papules, pustules, and abnormal dilation of tiny blood vessels, usually occurring on the central area of the face in people older than 30 years (Fig. 4.5) |
| scabies | skin infection caused by the itch mite, characterized by papule eruptions that are caused by the female burrowing into the outer layer of the skin and laying eggs. This condition is accompanied by severe itching. (Table 4.1) |
| scleroderma | disease characterized by chronic hardening (induration) of the connective tissue of the skin and other body organs |
| squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) | malignant growth developing from scalelike epithelial tissue of the surface layer of the epidermis; it invades local tissue and may metastasize. |
| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, joints, kidneys, and nervous system. This autoimmune disease is characterized by periods of remission and exacerbations. It also may affect other organs. |
| tinea | fungal infection of the skin. The fungi may infect keratin of the skin, hair, and nails. Infections are classified by body regions such as tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot). |
| urticaria | itchy skin eruption composed of wheals of varying sizes and shapes. Urticaria is sometimes associated with infections and with allergic reactions to food, medicine, or other agents. |
| vitiligo | white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes (Fig. 4.6) |
| Macule | flat, colored spot on the skin |
| Papule | small, solid skin elevation |
| Nodule | small, knotlike mass |
| Wheal | round, itchy elevation of the skin |
| Vesicle | small elevation of epidermis containing liquid |
| Pustule | elevation of the skin containing pus |
| Cyst | a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material |
| cauterization | destruction of tissue with a hot or cold instrument, electric current, or caustic substance (also called cautery) |
| cryosurgery | destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen (Fig. 4.8) |
| debridement | removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound |
| dermabrasion | procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material, such as sandpaper |
| excision | removal by cutting |
| incision | surgical cut or wound produced by a sharp instrument |
| incision and drainage (I&D) | surgical cut made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a lesion, wound, or cavity |
| laser surgery | procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue |
| Mohs surgery | technique of microscopically controlled serial excisions of a skin cancer |
| suturing | to stitch edges of a wound surgically (Fig. 4.9) |
| dermatologist | physician who studies and treats skin (diseases) |
| dermatology | study of the skin (branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases) |
| epidermal | pertaining to upon the skin |
| erythroderma | red skin (abnormal redness of the skin) (Exercise Figure C) |
| hypodermic | pertaining to under the skin (Exercise Figure D) |
| intradermal (ID) | pertaining to within the skin (Exercise Figure D) |
| keratogenic | producing horny tissue |
| leukoderma | white skin (white patches caused by depigmentation) (Exercise Figure C) |
| necrosis | abnormal condition of death (cells and tissue die because of disease) |
| percutaneous | pertaining to through the skin |
| staphylococcus (pl. staphylococci) (staph) | berry-shaped (bacterium) in grapelike clusters (these bacteria cause many skin diseases) (Exercise Figure E) |
| streptococcus (pl. streptococci) (strep) | berry-shaped (bacterium) in twisted chains (Exercise Figure F) |
| subcutaneous (subcut) | pertaining to under the skin (Exercise Figure D) |
| subungual | pertaining to under the nail |
| transdermal (TD) | pertaining to through the skin (Exercise Figure D) |
| ungual | pertaining to the nail |
| xanthoderma | yellow skin (Exercise Figure C) |
| xerosis | abnormal condition of dryness (of skin, eye, or mouth) |
| alopecia | loss of hair (Fig. 4.10) |
| bacteria (s. bacterium) | single-celled microorganisms that reproduce by cell division and may cause infection by invading body tissue |
| cicatrix | scar |
| cyst | closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material (Table 4.2) |
| cytomegalovirus | herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when the immune system is compromised |
| diaphoresis | sweating |
| ecchymosis (pl. ecchymoses) | escape of blood into the skin (or mucous membrane), causing a small, flat, purple, or blue discoloration, as may occur when blood is withdrawn by a needle and syringe from an arm vein |
| edema | puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid |
| erythema | redness |
| fungus (pl. fungi) | organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surroundings and may cause infection by invading body tissue; single-celled fungi (yeast) reproduce by budding; multicelled fungi (mold) reproduce by spore formation |
| induration | abnormal hard spot(s) or area of skin; may include underlying tissue |
| jaundice | condition characterized by a yellow coloring of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera (whites of the eyes) caused by the presence of bile (also called icterus) |
| keloid | overgrowth of scar tissue (Fig. 4.11) |
| leukoplakia | condition characterized by white spots or patches on mucous membrane, which may be precancerous |
| macule | flat, colored spot on the skin (Table 4.2) |
| nevus (pl. nevi) | circumscribed malformation of the skin, usually brown, black, or flesh colored. A congenital nevus is present at birth and is referred to as a birthmark. (also called a mole) (Fig. 4.12) |
| nodule | small, knotlike mass that can be felt by touch (Table 4.2) |
| pallor | paleness |
| papule | small, solid skin elevation (Table 4.2) |
| petechia (pl. petechiae) | pinpoint skin hemorrhage |
| pressure injury | damage of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue caused by prolonged pressure, often occurring in bedridden patients; the injury, which may be painful, can present as intact skin or an open ulcer. |
| pruritus | itching |
| purpura | small hemorrhages in the skin (or mucous membrane), giving a purple-red discoloration; associated with blood disorders or vascular abnormalities |
| pustule | elevation of skin containing pus (Table 4.2) |
| ulcer | erosion of the skin or mucous membrane |
| verruca | circumscribed cutaneous elevation caused by a virus (also called wart) (Fig. 4.13) |
| vesicle | small elevation of the epidermis containing liquid (also called blister) (Table 4.2) |
| virus | minute microorganism, much smaller than a bacterium, characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the ability to replicate only within living host cells; may cause infection by invading body tissue |
| wheal | transitory, itchy elevation of the skin with a white center and a red surrounding area; a wheal is an individual urticaria (hive) lesion |
| BCC | basal cell carcinoma |
| bx | biopsy |
| CMV | cytomegalovirus |
| CA-MRSA | community-associated MRSA infection |
| derm | dermatology |
| HA-MRSA | healthcare-associated MRSA infection |
| I&D | incision and drainage |
| ID | intradermal |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| SCC | squamous cell carcinoma |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| staph | staphylococcus |
| strep | streptococcus |
| subcut | subcutaneous |
| TD | transdermal |
Created by:
noellecorrinne
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