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Cellular development
Bio 3 Lecture 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens to the diploid zygote after fertilization? | After the union of haploid egg and spem, the diploid zygote undergoes a period of rapid mitotic division or cleavage |
| What are the 4 sub-processes of development? | Cell division, differentiation, pattern formation, morphogenesis |
| What proteins controls the cell cycle? | cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdk) |
| What does cyclins (cdk) control? | timing and the number of cell division |
| In the adult cell, what is the role of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases? | In adult cells, they control the cycle of mitosis through checkpoints (G1, S,G2) |
| In the embryonic cells, what is the role of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases? | In the embryonic cells, the inactivation and degradation of kinases allows a cell to complete mitosis |
| What are the differences between the cell cycle of an adult and embryonic cell? | The adult cell has 3 active cyclin while the embryonic cell only has 1 active. In the embryonic cell, G1 and G2 lack and cyclin degradation is required to complete mitosis. |
| What happens during cleavage? | The zygote is subdivided into larger and larger number of smaller and smaller cells called blastomeres |
| What are blastomeres? | Cells produced during the cleavage of a zygote. |
| What happens to the size of the embryo during cleavage? Why? | The size stays the same because the mass of the zygote gets subdivided into more and more cells, but the cells are smaller and smaller, so the size doesn't change (the cells are classed blastomeres) |
| What happens to the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle during cleavage? | It's extremely shortened/eliminated during cleavage because the cell increases in mass and size |
| What follows fertilization? | Cleavage, a period of rapid cell division |
| What is the morula and when does it appear? | It's a globular solid mass of blastomeres formed by cleavage of a zygote that typically precedes the blastula. |
| So what are the stages of growth throughout cell division (# of cells at each stage)? | Fertilized egg, 2-cell stage, 4-cell stage, 8-cell stage, morula, blastula, early gastrula, gastrula. In this process, the number of cells in a developping embryo is multiplied through cell division. |
| How long does cleavage last in mammals? What does it produce? | Several days and produces a ball of cells: the blastocyst (or blastula) |
| What does the blastocyst (aka blastula) consist of? What do they do? | Theirs an outer layer called trophoblast that will form the placenta, an inncer cell mass that is the source of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and an empty space called the blastocoel. |
| What are stem cells capable of and what does it give rise to? | They're capable of continued division and give rise to differentiated cells |
| Explain the process of having a specialized cell. | Morula, blastocyst (aka blastula), inner cell mass, ES culture, which gives rise to differentiated cells like muscle cells, liver cells, neurons, ect. |
| What part develops into the human embryo? | The inner cell mass of the blastocyst (aka blastula) |
| What is embryonic stem-cell culture? | When ES cells are isolated from the inner cell mass and continue to divide while remaining undifferentiated. |
| What are the types of stem cells? | There's totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent |
| What is totipotent? | They can give rise to any cell type in an organism. The embryonic cells whithin the first couple cell division after fertilization are the only totipotent cells. |
| What is pluripotent? | They can become multiple different cell types in the organism's body (any cell that makes up the body). Example: embryonic cells. |
| What is multipotent? | They give rise to a limited number of cell types . Example: Different blood cell types. |
| What is unipotent? | They give rise to only one single cell type. Example: The cells that give rise to sperm cells in males. |
| In plants, where can stem cells be found? | In structures called meristems |
| What is special about meristem cells? | They continuously divide |
| What do plant stem cells differentiate into? | Leaves, roots, branches and flowers |
| Where can totipotent cells be found? | In roots, leaves and shoots. |
| What can be said about animal cells movement? | Animal cells have to move to a new location in order for normal development to occur. |
| How is the period of cell movement called? | Gastrulation |
| What can be said about plant cells movement? | Plant cells do NOT move, instead the orientation of cell division control cell prolideration. So no gastrulation for plant cells |
Created by:
Malayka
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