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NAU Micro 14
NAU Host-Microbe Relationships & Disease Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Relationship or association between 2 or more different species | Symbioses |
| Host microbe relationships: | Mutalism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Opportunism |
| Both members benefit from the relationship Ex: E. Coli- can give Vitamin K which helps digest food | Mutalism |
| One benefits & the other is neither harmed or benefited. Ex: microbes on skin are salt-loving. But doesn't provide good function to me | Commensalism |
| One organism benefits & the other organism is harmed. | Parasitism |
| Takes advantage of an opportunity to cause disease. Ex: E. Coli | Opportunism |
| Path of disease | Contamination, Infection/Infestation, Disease |
| Microorganisms are present | Contamination |
| Multiplication of any microbe on or in the body. Can have this without ever getting disease | Infection |
| Multiplication of any worms or arthropods on or in the body | Infestation |
| Disruption of the normal function of the host | Disease |
| The capacity to produce disease. It depends on this & the organism's ability to invade a host, multiply in a host & avoid being damaged by the host's defenses or processes where you end up with the disease | Pathogenicity |
| The intensity of the disease produced by the microbe or how quickly from contamination do you get the disease. Ex: Rabies causes neurological damage that is nearly always fatal | Virulence |
| Types of microfilms: | Normal Microflora, Resident Microflora, Transient Microflora |
| Lives on or in the body, but does not cause disease. | Normal Microflora |
| Is always present on or in our bodies | Resident Microflora |
| Microbes present under certain conditions; located in the same places as resident microflora | Transient Microflora |
| Conditions that cause an organism to cause disease | 1. Failure of host's normal defenses 2. Introduction of the organism into unusual body sites 3. Disturbances in the normal microflora |
| Failure of the host's normal defenses | Immunocompromised |
| Disturbances in the normal microflora | Microbial Antagonism |
| Body fluids that are normally microbe free: | Blood, Cerebrospinal fluid, Saliva prior to secretion, Urine in kidneys & bladder, Semen prior to entry into the urethra |
| Internal tissues & organs that are normally microbe free: | Middle & inner ear, Sinuses, Internal eye, Bone marrow, Muscles, Glands, Organs, Circulatory system, Brain & spinal cord, Ovaries & Testes, Lower Respiratory Tract |
| Kinds of disease: | Infectious disease, Non-infectious disease, Communicable infectious disease, Non-communicable infectious disease |
| Caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa & helminths | Infectious disease |
| Caused by any factor other than infectious organisms | Non-infectious disease |
| Spread from one host to another | Communicable infectious disease |
| Not spread from one host to another. Ex: Food poisoning and anthrax | Non-communicable infectious disease |
| How microbes cause disease: | Adherence, Colonization, Invasiveness, All are through direct action |
| Factors in invasiveness: | Hyaluronidase, Coagulase, Streptokinase |
| Enzyme produced by Streptococci, that digests hyaluronic acid | Hyaluronidase |
| Triggers blood plasma clotting, allowing bacteria protection from immune defenses. | Coagulase |
| Dissolves blood clots | Streptokinase |
| A glue-like substance that helps hold the cells of certain tissues together | Hyaluronic Acid |
| Types of bacterial toxins: | Exotoxins and Endotoxins |
| Are soluble substances secreted into host tissues | Exotoxins |
| Used to rupture red blood cells to release iron | Hemolysin |
| Any substances that is poisonous to other organisms | Bacterial Toxins |
| Are part of the cell wall & are released into host tissues from gram negative bacteria, when the bacteria dies. Ex: Shock | Endotoxins |
| Exotoxins that damage white blood cells | Leukocidins |
| How fungi cause disease: | -Fungal spores are inhaled or enter cells through a cut/wound. - Certain fungi parasitize plants producing mycotoxins & cause disease if ingested by humans |
| How protozoans cause disease: | -Some invade & reproduce in red blood cells, - Giardia Intestinalis attaches to tissues and ingests cells and tissue fluids |
| Virulence factor for Protozoans: | Adhesive disks |
| How helminths cause disease: | Extracellular parasites that inhabit intestines or other body tissues & many release toxic waste products & antigens in their excretions. Can cause allergic reactions |
| A characteristic of a disease that can be observed by examining the patient. Ex: swelling, redness, rash, cough, fever, runny nose | Sign |
| A characteristic that can be observed or felt only by the patient. Ex: pain, headache, nausea | Symptom |
| A combination of signs and symptoms that occur together & are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition | Syndrome |
| After recovery, what damage or effects are left once the disease is gone. Can be worse than the disease. Ex: blindness, limb amputation | Squelae |
| Types of infectious disease: | Acute disease, Chronic disease, Subacute disease, Latent disease |
| Develops rapidly & runs its course quickly. Ex: colds, measles | Acute disease |
| Develops more slowly than an acute disease, is usually less severe & persists for a long time, indeterminate period. Ex: Tuberculosis | Chronic disease |
| Is intermediate between an acute and chronic disease. Ex: Gingivitis | Subacute disease |
| Is characterized by periods of inactivity before signs & symptoms appear, sits in your DNA. Ex: Herpes virus, HIV | Latent disease |
| Confined to a specific area of the body. Ex: boils, bladder infections | Local Infection |
| Confined to a specific area but pathogens or their toxins can spread to other areas. Ex: Abscessed teeth, sinus infections | Focal Infection |
| Infects most of the body-usually all over. Ex: Typhoid fever | Systemic Infection |
| Pathogens are present & multiply in the blood. They beat the immune system. | Septicemia |
| Bacteria are transported in the blood but do not multiply in blood. Usually an injury like a cut or abrasion. | Bacteremia |
| Viruses are transported in the blood but do not multiply in the blood. | Viremia |
| Presence of toxins in the blood. | Toxemia |
| Initial infection in a previously healthy person. Most are acute. | Primary Infection |
| Follows a primary infection. Ex: common cold leads to middle ear infection | Secondary Infection |
| A secondary infection that results from the destruction of normal microflora. Ex: yeast infection | Super Infection |
| Caused by several species of organisms. Ex: dental carries & periodontal disease | Mixed Infection |
| An infection that fails to produce the full range of signs & symptoms, either because too few organisms are present or because host defenses combat the pathogens | Inapparent/ Subclinical Infection |
| Stages of infectious disease: | Incubation period, Prodromal phase, Invasive phase, Decline phase, Convalescent period |
| Is the time between infection & appearance of signs & symptoms; is contagious | Incubation period |
| A short period during which nonspecific often mild, symptoms such as malaise and headaches. Ex: Flu | Prodromal phase |
| Is a symptom indicating the onset of a disease | Prodrome |
| Is a period during which the individual experiences the typical signs & symptoms of the disease. Pathogens invade & damage tissues. Is contagious. Ex: Fever, nausea | Invasive phase |
| Is the period of illness during which host defenses & effects of treatment overcome the pathogen. A secondary infection can occur. | Decline phase |
| Tissues are repaired, healing takes place. Body regains strength and recovers; still infectious in some diseases (scabs). | Convalescent period |
| How to control infectious disease: | Drugs, Immunization, Sanitation |
| Future challenges of how to control infectious disease: | Medical expertise not available. Microbes-highly adaptable. Previously unknown/rare diseases become significant from change in human activity/social condition. Immunization & international travel & commerce introduce new/recurrent strains of pathogens. |
Created by:
FKrouse
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