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Marine Biology 6
Marine Biology protecting the biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many kilometers of beach does the Med. Sea have? | 46,000 kilometers |
| How many countries does the Med. Sea touch? | 22 countries |
| What is the average depth of the Med. Sea? | 5267 meters deep |
| Endemism | The ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location. In the Med. Sea the rate is high (about 30%) |
| Israel's mediterranean continental shelf | It's narrow in the north and wide in the south. The bottom is mostly sandy (with quartz in the south and calcium carbonate in the north) |
| Israel's pelagic Mediterranean animals | A huge range including sea turtles, sharks as well as plankton and larvae of many sessile benthic species. |
| Habitat diversity of the Mediterranean Sea: | Underwater canyons, cold seeps, brine pools, cold water coral reefs, sandstone (כורכר) and sea mounts |
| אגם הלוונט | The eastern basin of the mediterranean sea--it is super oligotrophic with low primary production, a low number of species compared with the western basin. Unique habitat. Our species are smaller (mini leviant) |
| Oligotrophic | Refers to a body of water with a low rate of primary production. |
| Species of the eastern basin | There are 1,658 species of invertebrates including echinodermates, mollusks, polychaeta and arthropods. There are 470 species of fish. |
| Species migration in the Med. Sea | The artificial connection to the Red Sea by the man-made Suez canal in 1869 lead to a rapid increase in the rate of species migration which has reached about 1 species/week. |
| Questions posed by nature conservationists looking to protect the Med. Sea: | What are the things we want to protect? What are the threats to the system? What are the goals? Is the current action enough? |
| Joining the countries together for the cause | Built a base of numbers and facts about the marine environment, map the habitats, ground research of the ocean, initial debates, setting up organizations in each country, a general plan. |
| GIS | Geographical Information System is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data that are linked to location. |
| Problems in the Med. Sea: | Over fishing, lessepsian migration, etc. They increase with the increase in population size. (underground pipes, power plants, shore line building, pollution, artificial island production) |
| Over fishing | Troller boats drag nets along the sea floor disturbing everything in their path.They destroy the benthic habitats, fishing is non selective, there is a high rate of catching and killing animals they don't want. |
| Desalination of Sea Water | Though it might be a solution to the water shortage, the excess salt is dumped back into the sea raising salinity levels. |
| Goals of environmental protection of the Med. Sea | Habitat protection, biodiversity protection, environmental protection |
| Barcelona Convention | Convention of the Mediterranean countries that are aiming to fulfill all of the goals of environmental protection of the mediterranean sea protecting not just the beautiful areas but all biodiversity by protecting everything keeping it accessible. |
| Sea Turtle Protection | A great flagship species for promoting wildlife protection. The beached eggs are collected in the summer and protected. The problem is that this is just one species. |
| Protocol of the Barcelona convention | Protect representative samples of a habitat, improve and protect their natural habitat, supply a habitat for reproduction and rehabilitation, protect especially important areas. |
| Goals of environmental protection in the mediterranean sea | Protection of the different range of habitats including those with an unstable floor, underwater kurkar ridges, underwater canyons, טבלאות גידוד, special habitats, open water and the water's surface defense of entire ecosystems. |
| Where do you put the nature reserves? | In areas that are important to fishing, that possess special species (rare or with economic significance) areas where you need to protect all of the the ecological systems, rare habitats, historical habitats |
| When are the habitats protected? | It can be just part of the year--like during times of reproduction. |
| Human interaction | Certain people/groups might be allowed to operate there to preserve religious traditions, etc. |
| Estuaries and Lakes in North America | Fishing is only allowed by native people using original techniques. |
| Depth measurement | Sometimes protection is only for the species at the greatest depth whereas the species higher up in the water column are not as heavily protected. |
| Methods of marine protection | Limiting fishing, prevention of underground line building, laws against drilling, limits on tourism, limits on sonar use for fishing (used to hunt marine mammals) |
| No take zones | Zones in which no human activity is permitted. |
| Does it work? To check they protected one area--observed it and the control | Results: double species richness, high diversity, higher biomass, more rare species, more economically important species, same amount of fish overall |
| Summary of the current situation | Environmental protection is a good answer for the beach habitats, raising awareness, crucial for the טבלאות גידוד on the Kurkar rocks that are a unique trait of the Israeli marine habitat. |
| Expected mechanisms of protection | Science based conservation, species specification, ecosystem approach, protection of the habitats and the ecosystems, when necessary even at the level of the individual species. |
| Ocean area that will be protected | All of the area of the Med sea that belongs to israel (4200 sq. km), in the future, dealing with the EEZ economically important area of israel, the deep sea, protection of environments based on the type of floor there, protection of large areas. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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