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1st anatomy exam
anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the study of the structure of the body | human anatomy |
| two types of microscopic anatomy | cytology and histology |
| study of cells | cytology |
| study of tissue | histology |
| cytology is studied with what type of microscope? | electron microscope |
| histology is studied with what type of microscope | light microscope |
| name some subdivisions of gross anatomy | surface, surgical, systemic, regional, embryology, pathologic, radiographic, developmental |
| why study anatomy | the anatomy of body parts often suggests their functions |
| physiology | study of functions |
| anatomy | study of structure |
| anatomical levels of organization, in order | cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism |
| basic unit of structure and function in living organisms | cell |
| similar cells performing specialized functions | tissues |
| four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular |
| different tissues organized into a structure to carry out functions | organs |
| related organs working together | organ systems |
| entire body | organism |
| characteristics of all living organisms | organization, metabolism, development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction |
| chemical reactions in an organism, breaking down and building molecules | metabolism |
| sensitivity and reaction to stimuli | responsiveness |
| homeostasis | regulation |
| the name given to the processes for maintaining a constant internal environment. | homeostasis |
| relationship between anatomy and physiology | Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of the function of the structures. |
| types of structures a microscopic anatomist investigate | A microscopic anatomist would investigate structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye and therefore require magnification to be observed. |
| describe organization at the cellular level | Cells are the smallest living things. They contain specialized structural and functional units called organelles. Variations in the structure and unique functions of cells reflect their specializations. |
| type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures | A transverse (horizontal) plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures. |
| body cavity exposed if an incision is made into a body cavity just superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the neck? | The thoracic cavity will be exposed by an incision superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the neck. |
| the elbow is ? to the wrist | proximal |
| eleven organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, repiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
| another word for anterior | ventral |
| the opposite of anterior | posterior |
| another word for posterior | dorsal |
| another word for superior | cranial |
| another word for inferior | caudal |
| opposite of superior | inferior |
| opposite of medial | lateral |
| opposite of superficial | deep |
| opposite of proximal | distal |
| in front of | anterior or ventral |
| in back of | posterior or dorsal |
| toward the head | superior or cranial |
| toward the feet | inferior or caudal |
| toward the midline | medial |
| away from the midline | lateral |
| on the inside | deep |
| on the outside | superficial |
| closest to the trunk | proximal |
| furthest from the trunk | distal |
| body is upright and facing observer, feet are parallel and pointing forward, palms are facing forward, arms at side | anatomic position |
| divides into anterior and posterior portions | coronal plane |
| divides into superior and inferior portions | transverse plane |
| divides into equal right and left halves | sagittal (median) plane |
| divides into unequal right and left portions | parasagittal plane |
| what region is the head, neck and trunk | axial |
| region is the upper and lower limbs | appendicular |
| 2 regions | axial and appendicular |
| line body cavities closed to the outside | serous membranes |
| line body cavities open to the outside | mucous membranes |
| name the four body cavities you know | cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic |
| the stomach is ? to the spinal cord | anterior |
| the belly button is on the ? side of the body | ventral |
| the chest is ? to the pelvis | superior |
| the stomach is ? to the heart | inferior |
| the lungs are ? to the shoulders | medial |
| the arms are ? to the heart | lateral |
| muscles are ? to the skin | deep |
| the elbow is ? to the hand | proximal |
| wrist is ? to the elbow | distal |
| lm stands for | light microscope |
| tem stands for | transmission electron microscope |
| sem stands for | scanning electron microscope |
| which microscope is 3 dimensional? | sem |
| red blood cells are how big | 7.5 micron meters |
| typical cells are how big | 20-50 micron meters in diameter |
| general term for all cellular conents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| three basic constituents of a human cell | plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| semipermeable membrane between interior of cell a extracellular (insterstitial) fluid | plasma membrane (plasmalemma) |
| components of plasma membrane | lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
| semipermeable membrane between interior of cell a extracellular (insterstitial) fluid | plasma membrane (plasmalemma) |
| components of plasma membrane | lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
| insoluble in water | membrane lipids |
| uneven distribution of charge - one side is negative and one side is positive | polar |
| part of phospholipid molecule that is water soluble | polar phosphate head |
| water soluble | hydrophilic |
| part of the phospholipid molecule that is water insoluble | nonpolar lipid tail |
| water insoluble | hydrophobic |
| term that itaya uses to encompass the head and tail of the phospholipid - amphipathic | |
| what are the membrane proteins | integral and peripheral |
| membrane proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer | integral |
| membrane proteins on inner our outer membrane surface | peripheral |
| types of transport across plasma membranes | passive and active |
| doesn't require energy (atp), from high concentration to low | passive |
| requires energy (atp), moves against concentration:low to high | active |
| passive processes that move material across the plasma membrane include | simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| movement of high to low until equilibrium reached | simple diffusion |
| diffusion of water | osmosis |
| use of transporter proteins | facilitated diffusion |
| cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate | atp |
| active processes | ion pumps, bulk transport |
| exocytosis and endocytosis | bulk transport |
| excretion into extracellular fluid | exocytosis |
| opposite of exocytosis, cell acquires materials from extracellular fluid | endocytosis |
| 3 forms of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated |
| endocytosis:pseudopodia extend and engulf a particle | phagocytosis |
| endocytosis:incorporation of droplets of ecf | pinocytosis |
| endocytosis:receptors bind specific molecules for uptake | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| 3 parts of cells cytoplasm | cytosol, organelles, inclusions |
| cytoplasmic matrix, intracellular fluid, water+solutes | cytosol |
| has membrane bound and non membrane bound | organelles |
| storage droplets, usually nonmembrane bound, pigment, glycogen, triglycerides | inclusions |
| membrane bound or not:endoplasmic reticulum (er), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria | membrane bound |
| membrane bound or non:ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia & flagellae, microvilli | nonmembrane bound |
| cisternae + ribosomes, protein synthesis | rough er (rER) |
| cisternae w/o ribosomes, synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification | smooth er (sER) |
| cell export (secretion), membrane insertion, lysosomes | protein synthesis |
| cisternae, protein modification, intracellular transport and packaging, sorting | golgi apparatus, golgi complex |
| membrane bound sacs, formed by golgi apparatus, contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products and ingested material | lysosomes |
| proteins that catalyze or facilitate metabolic reactions | enzymes |
| produces atp | mitochondria |
| cristae (the folds), matrix (the fluid), contain mitochondrial dna | mitochondria |
| made of rna (ribonucleic acid, made in nucleus (nucleolus), responsible for protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| proteins arranged as microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules; functions: movement, shape | cytoskeleton |
| composed of microtubules surrounded by sytoplasm and plasma membrance | cilia and flagella |
| numerous and are on the suface of some body cavities; transport mucus | cilia |
| occur only on sperm | flagella |
| are cilia and flagella visible with LM | yes |
| composed of cytoplasm and plasma membrane in the shape of numerous, thin fingers; much smaller than cilia; increase surface area for absorption (not motile) | mocrovilli |
| are microvilli visible with LM | no |
| structure of nucleus | nuclear envelope and nucleoli |
| double membrane structure around nucleus | nuclear envelope |
| allow movement between nucleus and cytoplasm | nuclear pores |
| site of synthesis of RNA for ribosomes (dark staining; visible with LM) | nucleoli |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| cell division | mitosis |
| during mitosis, DNA molecules condense into tightly packed? | chromosomes |
| contains DNA and proteins | chromosome |
| cell cycle | interphase and mitosis |
| mitosis cycle | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
| produces 2 identical daughter cells (clones) | mitosis |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:cell growth, dna replication | interphase |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:dna forms chromosomes | prophase |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:chromosomes line up | metaphase |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:chromosomes divide and separate | anaphase |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:two new cells begin to develop | telophase |
| uncontrolled cell growth that spreads (metastatis) | malignant neoplasms (cancer) |
| cancer cells trigger new blood vessel formation | angiogenesis |
| faculty control of mitosis, uncontrolled cell division | cancer |
| 2 parts of standard cell structure | pm and cytoplasm |
| tools of cell structure study | lm, tem, sem |
| Plasma membrane contains | components, fluid mosaic model, lipids, proteins, functions, transport |
| cytoplams contains | cytosol, organelles, inclusion bodies, nucleus |
| which phase of the mitotic cycle is:cell division | cytokinesis |
| A) has a high water content, with many dissolved solutes, B) is the viscous, syruplike fluid component of cytoplasm, C) contains carbohydrates and lipids that provide energy for the cell | cytosol |
| Which organelles synthesize proteins | ribosomes |
| Digestion and self-destruction are functions of which organelle | lysosome |
| Most of a cell's ATP is synthesized by membrane-bound organelles called | mitochondria |
| The rough endoplasmic reticulum functions in | synthesis, storage, and transportWhich organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretion or use within the cell? |
| The most organized level of genetic material, visible with a light microscope only during cell division, is the | chromosome |
| Nucleoli make | ribosomal RNA and proteins |
| During which stage of mitosis does chromatin coil into chromosomes? | metaphase |
| The completion of ____________ marks the end of cell division. | cytokinesis |
| Sister chromatids pull apart to form single-stranded chromosomes during | anaphase |
| ? occurs when the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell. | metaphase |
Created by:
mlyons286
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