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Psychology Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. | Cognitive |
| Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. | milestones |
| Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? | Freud |
| According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. | Erik Erikson |
| ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. | Schemata |
| One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, “Look mommy, truck!” This exemplifies ________. | assimilation |
| After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? | integrity vs despair |
| 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes, he says, “Look, apples!” His mother tells him that he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies | accomodation |
| During Jean Piaget’s ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. | sensorimotor |
| During Piaget’s proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly. | concrete operational |
| Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. | identity vs. confusion |
| Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? | object permanence |
| Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother’s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? | egocentrism |
| Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he’d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? | pre-conventional |
| According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? | formal operational |
| Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one’s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? | Vygotsky |
| A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. | zygote |
| Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. | fine |
| Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. | gross |
| Carissa’s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? | permissive |
| Early maturing girls are ________. | at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders |
| During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex | frontal |
| Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She goes to church and says that she will “change her ways”and will become a Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _ stage of grieving. | bargaining |
| Germinal stage | zygotes (fertilized eggs) |
| teratogens | virus, drugs, etc. that can damage a fetus or embryo |
| Maturation | orderly sequence of biological growth |
| Schema | frameworks for interpreting and organizing information |
| Assimilate | interpret new experience according to schema |
| Accomodate | adapt schema to new information |
| sensorimotor stage | birth-age 2 |
| object permanence | objects exist even when you can't see it (sensorimotor stage) |
| Preoperational stage | age 2-6 or 7 |
| egocentrism | difficulty taking another's point of view |
| Theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and other mental states |
| Reflexive | how your actions influence others |
| Concrete operational stage | ability to understand conservation and mathematical transformations Age 7-12 |
| Abstract thinking | hypothetical situations, determine consequences (formal operational stage) |
| Vygotsky | zone of proximal development |
| Attachment | emotional tie to another person |
| Imprinting | process by which a strong bond is formed |
| Temperament | emotional reactivity and intensity |
| Anxious attachment | seek out acceptance but wary of rejection |
| Avoidant attachment | closeness generates discomfort |
| Basic trust | viewpoint that the world is generally predictable and trustworthy |
| Authoritarian parenting | too hard/strict |
| Permissive parenting | too soft |
| negligent parenting | too uncaring |
| Authoritative parenting | just right |
| Erik Erikson | each stage of life has its own psychosocial task |
| Stage 1 | trust vs. mistrust |
| Stage 2 | autonomy vs shame- "self control without loss of self esteem" |
| Stage 3 | initiative vs guilt- "why" stage |
| Stage 4 | Industry vs inferiority- competence vs incompetence |
| Stage 5 | identity vs role confusion |
| stage 6 | intimacy vs isolation |
| Stage 7 | Generativity vs stagnation -making a mark on the world |
| Stage 8 | Ego integrity vs despair- acceptance, or not, of your life |
| Freud | libido associated with different body parts as we develop can become fixated with libido in one area |
| Oral stage | (0-2) babies put everything in their mouths people fixated in this stage tend to overeat, smoke, or have a childhood dependence on things |
| Anal stage | develops during toilet training, libido is focused on controlling and expelling waste, a person may become overly controlling or out of control |
| Phallic stage | children first recognize their gender, fixation can cause later problems in relationships |
| Oedipus complex | boys compete with their fathers for mother's attention |
| Electra complex | girls compete with their mothers for their father's attention |
| Penis Envy | anxiety over lack of power |
| Castration Anxiety | fear of losing penis (losing power) |
| Womb envy | male envy of pregnancy, nursing, and motherhood- led men to claim superiority in other fields |
| Latency stage (cooties stage) | freud believed that fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues (libido is hidden) |
| Gential stage | libido is focused on genitals, freud thought fixation in this stage is normal |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | moral reasoning guides moral actions moral judgements build on cognitive development |
| Moral intuition | quick gut feelings |
| Preconventional morality | moral behavior motivated by obedience and self-interest |
| Conventional morality | moral behavior motivated by conformity and authority |
| Post conventional morality | moral behavior motivated by social contract- we follow the rules because without them society would crumble and Universal ethics- behavior drived by internalized moral principles |
| Parenting | how we are raised affects outcomes parents take too much credit/blame for outcomes of their children |
| Peers | culture comes from peers |
| Gender | some differences are very small |
| Gender definition | socially influenced to define terms like boy, girl, man, woman |
| sex | biologically influenced characteristics that make someone male/female |
| gender identity | sense of being male, female, or combination |
| Gender typing | aquisition of male or female gender roles |
| Androgyny | displaying both traditionally male and female characteristics |
| Transgender | gender identity differs from birth sex |
| gender typing (childhood) | process of becoming aware of one's gender |
| menarche | first mentrual period |
| spermarche | first ejaculation |
Created by:
sophiesoup13
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