Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mircrobiology Set1
Microbiology Exam 1 CHS.1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye | Microorganisms |
| Name some ways that microbes affect our daily lives | -Decompose organic waste - Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis - Produce consumer goods |
| What does pathogenic mean? | Disease-causing |
| What has our knowledge of microorganisms allowed us to do? | -Prevent food spoilage - Prevent disease occurrence(understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics) -Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination |
| When naming and classifying microorganisms, each organism has 2 names: The __________ is capitalized and italicized and the ________ is lower case and italicized | genus, specific epithet |
| Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Are prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan cell walls and divide by binary fission. For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis | Bacteria |
| What are the 3 basic shapes bacteria come in | Cocci Bacilli Spiral |
| are prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan cell walls, live in extreme environments, and are not known to cause human disease. Include: Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, Extreme thermophiles | Archaea |
| are eukaryotic organisms that have chitin cells walls, use organic chemicals for energy and may be unicellular or multicellular. | Fungi |
| are eukaryotic organisms that absorb or ingest organic chemicals and may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Live as free entities or as parasites, reproduce sexually or asexually | Protozoa |
| are eukaryotic organisms that have cellulose cell walls and use photosynthesis for energy, produces molecular oxygen and organic compounds, few species cause human disease | Algae |
| are acellular and consist of DNA or RNA core that is surrounded by a protein coat that may be enclosed by a lipid envelope and are only replicated when they are in a living host cells, | Viruses |
| are eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and may include flatworm and roundworms(called helminths), microscopic stages in life cycles | Multicellular Animal Parasites |
| Who developed the modern classification of system of organisms into what 3 domains? | Carl Woese in 1978 Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells? | Robert Hooke in 1665 |
| Who was the first person to observe microorganisms? | Antony Van Leeuwenhoek in 1673 |
| Helped develop the cell theory by concluding that all cells come from preexisting cells | Rudolf Virchow in 1858 |
| all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells | Cell Theory |
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called? | Spontaneous Generation |
| The belief that living organisms arise from preexisting life is called? | Biogenesis |
| Who is primarily responsible for disproving the spontaneous generation hypothesis (aka "The Father of Microbiology")? | Louis Pasteur |
| How did Louis Pasteur disproven the spontaneous generation hypothesis? | S-Shaped flask; kept microbes out but let air in |
| The First Golden Age of Microbiology occurred between ________ and was a period characterized by rapid discoveries. | 1857-1914 |
| What additional contributions did Pasteur make during the First Golden Age of Microbiology? | -Relationships between microbes and diseases, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs -Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation |
| Kills the spoilage bacteria and pathogens only | Pasteurization |
| Inoculated a person with cowpox virus (the person was then protected from smallpox) | Edward Jenner in 1796 |
| Discovered the first antibiotic | Alexander Fleming in 1928 |
| Name several ways that bacteria benefit human welfare | -Recycling Vital Elements, -Bioremediation, -Sewage Treatment - Biological Insecticides - Modern biotechnology and genetic engineering |
| Microbes normally present in and on human body are called | Normal Microbiota |
| What benefits do normal microbiota provide humans? | Prevent growth of pathogens; produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K |
| _____ is the ability of the body to ward off disease and includes defenses such as the microbiome, skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals, and more. | Resistance |
| microbes may exist as single cells that float or swim independently in a liquid | Planktonic bacteria |
| microbes may attach to each other and or some usually solid surface and form a ____________( a complex aggregation of microbes | Biofilm |
| What are "emerging infectious diseases"? Name Several Examples. | When a pathogen overcomes the host resistance. Ex: Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya Virus, Zika Virus, West Nile Encephalitis, Bovine Spongiform |
| Are Italicized or underlined, are "latinized" and uses worldwide, may be descriptive or honor a scientist | Scientific Names |
| Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium's habitat, the large intestine or colon | Escherichia Coli |
| No Nucleus, Small, Lack membrane bounds nucleus, 1 chromosome present, unicellular. EX: Bacteria | Prokaryotic |
| Nucleus Present, Membrane-bound nucleus is present, more than 1 chromosomes, multicellular, larger. EX: Fungi, Plants, & Animals | Eukaryotic |
| _____ are the smallest unit of matter that enter into chemical reactions | atom |
| What are atoms composed of? | Electrons, Protons, and neutrons |
| No mass; negative electrical charge | Electrons |
| 1 amu; positive electrical charge(make up the atomic number of an atom); located in the nucleus (protons + neutrons=atomic mass) | protons |
| 1 amu; neutral electrical charge; located in the nucleus (protons + neutrons= atomic mass) | neutrons |
| amu | atomic mass unit |
| nucleus is made up of what | protons & neutrons |
| Protons + Neutrons= | Atomic mass |
| Where are electrons located in an atom? | move around the nucleus |
| What are the 6 elements that make up 99% of living organisms | O-oxygen; H-Hydrogen; N-Nitrogen; P- Phosphorus; S-sulfur; C-carbon |
| _______ are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei | Isotopes |
| Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. What does this doe to the charge of the element? | It doesn't do anything to it become neutrons a neutrally charged |
| Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. What does this do to the mass of an element? | If adding it becomes heavier. If taken away it become smaller |
| Electrons are arranged in ___________, corresponding to different energy levels. | Electron Shells |
| How many electrons in each shell 1st shell,2nd and 3rd shell, 4th,5th,6th shells) | 1st-2 2nd-8 3rd-8 4th,5th,6th- up to 18 |
| _______ most shell is number valence electrons | Outer |
| why do atoms combine? | to complete the outermost shell |
| ______ are atoms that have gained or lost electrons and are charged | Ions |
| atoms that have lost electrons and have a positive charge | Cat ion |
| atoms that have gained electrons and have a negative charge | an ion |
| __________ is a bond formed from the attraction of ions of opposite charge that holds together to form a stable molecule. | Ionic bonds |
| _______ is a bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons | Covalent bonds |
| Electrons are shared equally(strongest of all bonds | Nonpolar Covalent |
| electrons are shared unequally | Polar Covalent |
| What is a Hydrogen bond? | Form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another O or N atom. |
| The sum of the atomic weights in molecule | Molecular weight |
| a substance is its molecular weight in grams | mole |
| all covalent bonds are represented with ______________ line | solid black |
| all hydrogen bonds are represented with___________ | dashes |
| Endergonic reactions | absorb energy |
| exergonic reactions | release energy |
| ___________ are chemical reactions that occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules. Give an example. | A+B->AB anabolism is the synthesis of molecules in a cell |
| ______ are chemical reactions that occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms. Give example | Decomposition Reactions; AB----->>A + B |
| Is the decomposition reactions in a cell | catabolism |
| are chemicals reactions that are part synthesis and part decomposition reactions. Give example | Exchange Reactions; NaOH + HCI ---> NaCl + H2O |
| are chemical reactions that can go in either direction but each direction may need special conditions, such as heat or water | Reversible Reactions |
| are substances that contain carbon and hydrogen and are structurally complex, such as carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | Organic Compounds |
| are substances that typically lack carbon and are structurally simple, such as water, salts, acids, and bases. | Inorganic Compounds |
| How are multiple water molecules held together? | Hydrogen bond |
| In microscopy, ___________ refers to the products of the magnification of the objective lens (usually 10X) and the magnification of the ocular lens (4x-100X) | total magnification |
| is the ability of lenses to distinguish fine detail and structures or between two points a specified distance apart. | Resolution |
| Built the 1st compound microscope | Jensen |
| Measure of the light-bending ability of a medium | Refractive index |
| The use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens | Light Microscopy |
| -Uses visible light as illumination source -The image from the objective lens in magnified again by the ocular lens -Specimen is seen as a dark object against a light background | Compound light microscopy |
| Why is oil used when viewing small objects like bacteria? | Light may bend in air so much it misses the small high magnification lens; oil has the same refractive index |
| When using a compound light microscope, the specimen is seen as a _______ object against a light background. | dark |
| Why are specimens stained when using a light microscope? | To better see its characteristics |
| coloring microbes with a dye that emphasizes certain structures | staining |
| thin film of material containing microoganisms | smear |
| attaching microbes to a slide (kills microbes in most instances) | fixing |
| salts composed of a positive and negative ion, one of which is colored(chromophore) | Stains |
| Basic dyes = | + chromophore (+Cation) |
| Acidic dyes= | - chromophore (- Anion) |
| -Make a smear -Air dry and heat fix the microorganisms -Apply stain and wash off with water -Blot dry | Steps for Preparing Smears for Staining |
| Bacteria slightly ______ at pH 7 | Negative |
| What type of stains adhere well to bacteria? | Basic Dyes have a + (positive); -Crystal Violet -Methylene Blue -Malachite Green -Safranin |
| In a negative stain, ____________ dyes are repelled by bacteria so the background is stained instead. Name some examples of dyes used in a negative stain. | Acidic; -Eosin -Acid Fuschsin - Nigrosin |
| What is the purpose of a simple stain? | Apply one single color to look at basic structures |
| are stains in which two dyes are used to classify bacteria into large groups. | Differential Stains |
| Name 2 examples of differential stain. | -Gram Stain & -Acid Fast Stain |
| _____ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stain purple due to crystal violet stain retention. | Gram-Positive |
| ______ bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan cell wall with and outer lipid layer of lipopolysaccharide and stain pink from the counterstain safranin. | Gram-Negative |
| What is the purpose of the iodine mordant? | To prevent the crystal violet from leaving the Gram- Positive cell |
| ________ in which cells with a waxy material in their cell walls retain a red stain, while cells that do not have the wax stain blue. This type of stain is used to identify what genus of bacteria? | Acid-fast stain; -Mycobacterium -Nocordia |
| ______ are used to stain special characteristics that some bacteria possess. | Special Stains |
| ______ are useful for viewing ___________, which are structures that aid in virulence or disease. | Negative stains; Capsules |
| _______ stains require the use of heat to drive stain into endospores (which can help bacteria survive extreme conditions | Spores |
| ___________ stains require the use of a ________. which makes the flagella wide enough to see under the microscope | Flagella; Mordant |
| List several differences between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: | Prokaryotes; 1 circular chromosome, not in a membrane-No histones-lack membrane enclosed organelles-peptidoglycan cell wall- binary fission Eukaryotes; paired chromosome in nuclear membrane-histones-organelles-polysaccharide cell wall- mitotic spindle |
| Prokaryotic organisms include ______ & ______ and can be differentiated based on morphology, chemical composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activates, and sources of energy. | -Bacteria -Archaea |
| The 3 basic bacterial shapes are: | -Coccus -bacillus -spiral |
| Most bacteria are __________, which means they only take on onw shape | Monomorphic |
| _________, meaning they can have many shapes, not just one. | Pleomorphic |
| The ___________ is a viscous, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both. | Glycocalyx |
| What do we call the glycocalyx if it is loosely attached to the cell wall? | Slime Layer |
| What do we call the glycocalyx if it is firmly attached to the cell wall? What is the purpose of this structure? | Capsule: -Important in contributing to bacterial virulence, protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis, enables bacteria to form biofilms. |
| __________ are structures that are also located external to the cell wall in prokaryotes and are used for motility. | Flagella |
| Flagella are composed of a long______, which is made of chains of flagellin attached to a ________, and anchored to the cell wall and membrane by the _________. | -Filament -Protein Hook -Basal Body |
| How are spirochetes mobile? | Rotation of filaments moves outer sheath, propelling microbe in spiral motion |
| Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella and are used for attachment are called_____ & ______. | -fimbriae -pili |
| How do pili differ from fimbriae (so, what are their specific functions)? | Fimbriae: Used for cell adherence and to help form biofilms Pili: Involved in motility and DNA transfer |
| What are the functions of the prokaryotic cell wall? | -Prevents lysis -maintains bacterial shape & integrity -contributes to the ability of organisms to cause disease -Chemical composition used to differentiate major types of bacteria. |
| List major differences between gram-positive& gram- negative cell walls. | Gram +; Thick Peptidoglycan- Teichoic acids-No outer membrane Gram -; Thin Peptidoglycan- No Teichoic acids- outer membrane composed of LPS. |
| The LPS component of gram-negative bacteria gives them 2 important characteristics, which are: | -O polysaccharide antigen, antigenic and useful for differentiation -Lipid A, Lipid portion of LPS, is and endotoxin |
| Which prokaryotic organisms have atypical cell walls? | -Mycoplasmas -Archaea -Mycobacterium |
| __________ causes damage to gram-positive cell walls by inhibiting peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. | Penicillin |
| -Lacks cell walls -Sterols in plasma membrane | Mycoplasmas |
| -wall-less -walls of pseudomurein | Archaea |
| Have waxy lipid in cell wall that prevents uptake of dyes | Mycobacterium |
| ________ is an enzyme that damage cell walls by digesting the disaccharide in the peptidoglycan which may result in complete lysis of the cell or cells that are susceptible to osmotic lysis. | Lysozyme |
| What is osmotic lysis? | Rupture of the plasma membrane resulting from movement of water into the cell |
| The __________, located internally to the cell wall, is composed of a phospholipid bilayer interspersed with peripheral and integral proteins. | Plasma membrane-structure |
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane? | -Acts as selective barrier -Breakdown of nutrients/production of energy |
| Name several substances that damage the plasma membranes of bacterial cells by causing leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent cell death. | -Alcohols -Quaternary ammonium compounds (detergents) & polymyxins damage the plasma membrane |
| Materials moving across the plasma membrane that DO NOT require the use of energy are called __________ processes and include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. | Passive |
| Materials moving across the plasma membrane that DO require the use of energy are called _________ processes and include active transport and group translocation. | Active |
| The movement of molecules or ions from high concentration to low concentration is called | Simple diffusion |
| _________ is the movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration but requires the use of a transporter protein located in the membrane. | Facilitated diffusion |
| Cellular contents remain surrounded by plasma membrane | Protoplast |
| Gram-negative cell with cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer | Spheroplast |
| Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes | L-forms |
| ______ is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. | Osmosis |
| The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane | Osmotic pressure |
| What are the 3 kinds of osmotic solutions bacterial cells may be subjected to | -Isotonic -Hypotonic -Hypertonic |
| Medium where overall concentration of solutes= that found inside a cell | Isotonic |
| Medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside a cell | Hypotonic |
| Medium having a higher concentration of solutes that inside a cell | Hypertonic |
| What is active transport? | -Cell uses ATP to move substances across the membrane, usually from outside to inside -Depends on transporter proteins in membrane -Substance is not altered by cross-membrane transport |
| What is group translocation? | -Special form-active transport in prokaryotes -Substance chemically altered during transport -Once inside-cannot leave(impermeability) -cells to accumulate various substances even though in low concentrations outside the cell -Requires energy by PEP |
| The ______ is the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane that is composed primarily of water, but also contains enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic ions. | Cytosplasm |
| The nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells may also contain plasmids. What are plasmids? | -Extrachromosomal circular DNA -Replicate independently of chromosomal DNA -Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals |
| Prokaryotic ribosomes are classified as _____ ribosomes that consist of 2 subunits and serve as the sites of protein synthesis. | 70's |
| What are inclusions? Name some examples found in prokaryotic cells. | -Metachromatic granules(volutin) -Polysaccharide granules -Lipid inclusions -Sulfur granules -Carboxysomes -Gas Vacuoles -Magnetosomes |
| _______ are produced by some resting bacterial cells that allow them to be extremely resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals. What triggers the sporulation process that occur within the cell? | Endospores; -Triggered by depletion of carbon or nitrogen or some other key nutrient. |
| Spores can remain dormant outside of bacteria for many years but can return to a vegetative state. What triggers the germination process? | Physical (heat) or chemical damage to the endospore's protein coat, germinant molecules, and must be in favorable environment. |
| Flagella and cilia are external structures used for cellular locomotion. What are they composed of? | 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring + another two in the center of the ring (9+2 array) |
| In eukaryotic organisms, the cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. | Algae: Cellulose Fungi: Chitin Yeasts: Glucan, Mannan |
| The ______ is a substance made of sticky carbohydrates found in animal cells that strengthens the cell surface and contributes to cell-cell recognition. | Glycocalyx |
| In eukaryotes, the ___________ is a phospholipid bilayer that contains peripherals and transmembrane proteins, cholesterol, and is important for transporting substances into and out of cells. | Plasma membrane |
| One method by which substances enter the cell is by a form of active transport called endocytosis. Name 3 types of endocytosis. | -Phagocytosis -Pinocytosis -Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes provides structure for the cell and consists of what 3 structures? | -Microfilaments -Intermediate Filaments -Microtubules |
| Nutrients are distributed throughout the cytoplasm in a process called_______. How is this process different in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes? | Cytoplasmic streaming; -In eukaryotes, substances inside organelles move from one side to the other by moving across microtubules in the cell; In prokaryotes, nutrients and enzymes are found free in the cytoplasm. |
| Briefly list the functions of the following membrane-bound organelles. 1.nucleus: 2.ER: 3.golgi complex: 4.lysosome: 5.vacuole: 6.mitovhondrion: 7.chloroplast: 8.peroxisome: | 1. Contains chromosomes 2. Transports network 3. Membrane formation & secretion 4. Digestive enzymes 5.Brings food into cells; support 6.Cellular respiration 7.Photosynthesis 8.Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2 |
| Briefly List the functions of the following non-membrane bound organelles. 1. Ribosome: 2. Centrosome: 3. Centriole: | 1. Protein synthesis 2. Consists of protein fibers & centrioles 3. Mitotic Spindle formaton |
| The _____ is a condensed region located in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized. | Nucleolus |
| The Golgi modifies sorts, and packages proteins it receives from the ER. How does it release proteins from the cell? | Exocytosis after packing into secretory vesicles |
| -Membrane enclosed spheres formed from Golgi complexes -Only have a single membrane and lack internal structure -Contains as many as 40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes -Enzymes can break down many molecules as well as bacteria that enter | Lysosmes |
| -Space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast -Derived from Golgi complex, serve diverse funtions | Vacuole |
| -"powerhouses of the cell" -Primary sites of ATP production enclosed by a double membrane -Center is a semifluid substane called matrix -Contain 70S ribosomes and DNA of their own -Multiply by binary fission | Mitochondria |
| -Contain pigment chlorophyll and enzymes required for photosynthesis -Chlorophyll in flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids that exist in stacks (grana) -Also contain 70S ribosomes and DNA of their own -Also multiply through binary fission | Chloroplasts |
| -similar structurally to lysosomes but smaller -contain one or more enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances -Can generate hydrogen peroxide but have catalase to decompose it | Peroxisomes |
| Located near nucleus | Centrosomes |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | The origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes |
| What is some evidence that supports endosymbiotic theory? | -Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size & shape -Both have circular DNA & reproduce independently of the host cell. -Share ribosomes and protein synthetic mechanism |
| Who first used microscopes to observe microorganisms? | Van Leeuwenhoek |
| What is the type of bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule? | Hydrogen bond |
| T/F: Most dyes or stains used in microbiology are examples of salts that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which are H+ or OH- | True |
| The color of gram-positive bacteria after addition of the first dye in the Gram stain is: | Purple |
| Which of the following pairs is mismatched? -Endoplasmic reticulum-Internal transport -Golgi Complex- secretion -Mitochondria-ATP production -Centrosome-food storage -Lysosome-digestive enzymes | Centrosome-food storage |
| T/F: Pinocytosis is a type of passive transport that moves material across prokaryotic cell membranes | False |
| Which type of bacteria have cell walls that contain teichoic acids? | Gram-positive |
| Microbes that live stably in and one the human body are called the: | Human microbiome |
| Which type of reactions release energy? | Exergonic |
| Where is rRNA made? | Nucleolus |
| Who proposed and developed the endosymbiotic theory? | Margulis |
| Which organisms contain cellulose in their cells walls? | algae |
| T/F: Prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes and mitochondria | False |
| T/F: Cilia and flagella are composed of actin protein | False |
| Type of bond in which electrons are shared equally among atoms | nonpolar covalent bond |
| Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell? | Plasma Membrane |
| Cells placed into which solutions may swell and lyse? | Hypotonic |
| A glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall is called what? | Capsule |
| T/F: Centrioles are structures that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. | False |
| T/F: Prokaryotes do not carry out cytoplasmic streaming | True |
Created by:
SamMcG11
Popular Biology sets