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Chapter 2
General microbiology - BIO 175
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Define atom | Smallest stable unit of matter |
| What are three subatomic particles? | 1) Neutron 2) Proton 3) Electron |
| Neutron | Neutral charge |
| Proton | Positive charge |
| Electron | Negative charge |
| Atomic number is the number of _______ in an atom | Protons |
| Mass number | Number of protons + number of neutrons |
| Define isotope | Atoms of a same element whose nucleus contains the same number of proton, but different number of neutrons |
| Types of isotope | - Stable - Radioisotope: emits radiation |
| Describe an ionic bond | - An atom loses one or more electrons (cation) - Another atom gains those same electrons (anion) - Attraction between the opposite charges than draws the two ions together |
| Cation | Ion with positive charge |
| Anion | Ion with negative charge |
| Describe a covalent bond | Strong bond involving shared pairs of electron between atoms - Single covalent bond - Double covalent bond - Triple covalent bond |
| Polar bond | - Form polar molecules - Involve the UNEQUAL sharing of electrons - Interact with water - Form hydrogen bods |
| Non polar bond | - Involve equal sharing of electrons - Do not interact with water |
| Describe a hydrogen bond | - Weak bonds between adjacent molecules, not atoms - Involves slightly + and slightly - portions of polar molecules being attracted one to another |
| Hydrogen bond | Many help to stabilize 3D structures of a large molecules - Holds individuals DNA too form double-helix - Helps form tertiary and quaternary structures of protein |
| What are three types of chemical reactions? | 1) Synthesis reaction 2) Decomposition reaction 3)Exchange reaction |
| Chemical reaction are | Making or breaking of chemical bonds |
| Synthesis reaction | - Formation of larger, more complex compounds - Requires energy - Anabolism (in all organisms) |
| Decomposition reaction | - Break bonds within larger compounds to form smaller atoms, ions, or molecules - Releases energy - Catabolism (in an organism) |
| Exchange reaction | Multi-step reaction that involve both breaking and forming covalent bonds |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism (exchange reaction) |
| Important properties of the water | 1) Cohesiveness 2) Excellent solvent 3) Liquid across wide range of temperature 4) High hit capacity 5) Chemical reactivity |
| Water | Most abundant compound in organisms |
| Define pH | Dissociates in water into cations and anions |
| Acid | Dissociates into H+ and one or more anions |
| Base | Binds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociates into cation and OH- |
| Buffer | Prevents drastic change in pH |
| Organic compounds | 1) Lipids 2) Carbohydrates 3) Protein (amino acids) 4) Nucleic acids |
| Lipids | - Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes - Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Lipids include | 1) Fatty acids (fats) 2) Phospholipids (found in cell membrane) 3) Waxes (mycolic acid; not soluble in water) 4) Steroids |
| Fatty acids (FATS) | - Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group group (-COOH) at 1 end - Relatively nonpolar, except carboxyl group |
| Saturated fatty acids | All single covalent bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Has at least 1 double covalent bond |
| Waxes | - One long-chain fatty acid covalently bonded to an alcohol by an ester bond - Lack hydrophilic head - Completely insoluble in water |
| Steroids | Four rings of C and H with an assortment of functional groups |
| Types of steroids | 1) Sterol - in cells of fungi, plants, and mycoplasmas 2) Cholesterol - component of animal cell membrane |
| Carbohydrates | Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 |
| Carbohydrates functions | 1) Energy 2) Part of backbone of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 3) Converted to amino acids 4) Form part of cell wall in certain bacteria 5) involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells |
| Monosaccharides (carbohydrates) | - Simple sugar - Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides (carbohydrates) | - 2 sugars covalently bonded together - Sucrose, lactose |
| Polysaccharides (carbohydrate) | - Many monosaccharides covalently bonded - Glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| Proteins | - Long chains of amino acids (21 different amino acids) - Most abundant and important organic molecules - Always contain 4 basic elements (C, H, O, N) |
| Functions of proteins | 1) Support 2) Movement 3) Transport 4) Buffering 5) Metabolic regulation (enzymes) 6) Coordination and control 7) Defense and offense |
| Protein shape | 1) Primary structure 2) Secondary structure 3) Tertiary structure 4) Quaternary structure |
| Primary structure shape | Sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure shape | Hydrogen bonds from spirals or pleats |
| Tertiary structure shape | Secondary structure folds into a unique shape |
| Quaternary structure shape | Final protein shape - several tertiary structures together |
| Nucleic acids | Genetic material of organism |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | - Determines physical characteristics of an organism - Directs protein synthesis - Controls metabolism |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | - Helps from proteins - Genetic material of some viruses |
| Nucleotides and nucleosides | Monomers that make up nucleic acids |
| Nucleotides | 1) Phosphate 2) Pentose (5-Carbon) sugar - deoxyribose 3) Nitrogenous base |
| Nucleosides | Lack of phosphate |
| ATP | - Adenosine triphosphate - Nucleic acid that is used for energy - Phosphate-phosphate bonds provide energy to power cellular processes (breaking bond releases energy) |
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