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Biology Chapter 6
Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is genetics? | The scientific study of heredity |
| Heredity | The passing of traits from a parent to offspring |
| Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk Considered father of genetics Used statistics and experiments to study how traits are passed down from parents to offspring not from blending, but from a new theory. |
| Why did Mendel Choose to study genetics using pea plants? (3 reasons) | 1. The structure of the pea flower 2. The presence of distinctive traits 3. The rapid reproductive cycle These traits of the pea plant allowed Mendel to isolate and control variables and to produce observable results that he could duplicate |
| What did the structure of the pea flower allow Mendel to do? | Isolate the fertilization of the plant |
| Fertilization of plants | During fertilization, the male gametes (pollen) is transferred to the female gamete (located at the base of the flower). (Mendel altered some of the plants so that he could do the fertilization by hand) |
| A purebred | Any organism that receives the same genetic traits from both of its parents. Self-fertilization produces purebred pea plants |
| Hybrids | A hybrid is a organism that receives different forms of a genetic trait from each parent (For the plants that Mendel did alter, they could not self-fertilize. Mendel would transfer the pollen by hand and crossbreed plants. With this method he made hybr |
| What traits did Mendel study? | Mendel studies 7 different traits. These traits have two forms each and no blended form, which is fairly rare in nature. Flower Color Flower Position Pea Color Pea Shape Pod Color Pod Shape Stem Height |
| How did Mendel structure his experiment? | He crossed 2 diff purebred plants. A yellow pea seed and green pea seed. He called this gen P1 gen(parental) First gen of offsprings were called F1 gen(Filial). All seeds were yellow. He allowed F1 gen to self fertilize and produced second gen, F2 gen. Th |
| Recessive genes | Only show when there is 2 of them |
| Genes | Sections of a chromosome that that code for a trait Most organisms have 2 copies of every gene and chromosome, one from each parent. |
| Allele | A distinct form of a gene Ex: DNA says you have a face shape, allele says what that shape is If an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait, then only one is expressed |
| Dominant allele | A form of a gene that is fully expressed when 2 different alleles are present. |
| Recessive allele | A form of a gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele. |
| What did Walter S. Sutton study? | He studied the physical chromosomes |
| Genotype | Letters that represent the gene |
| Phenotype | Description of the gene |
| Heterozygous | When the genotype is different |
| Homozygous | When the genotype is the same |
| What are the Mendelian Laws? (2) | 1.Laws of segregation 2.Laws of independent assortment |
| Laws of segregation | Each pair of genes segregates during meiosis (anaphase 1) |
| Laws of independent assortment | Genes segregate into gametes randomly and independently of each other |
| Punnett Squares | A way to figure out the probability of a child’s traits |
| Monohybrid Cross | The study of one gene from two parents |
| Dihybrid Cross | The study of two traits from two parents |
| Pedigree | A chart that shows how a trait and the genes that controls it are inherited within a family |
| Square on a pedigree | Male |
| Circle on a pedigree | Female |
| Each generation on a pedigree is represented by what? | Roman numerals |
| Each number on a pedigree represents what? | An individual |
| When a circle/square is filled in on a pedigree, it represents a... | A trait that show |
| Carrier | Someone who has a gene that they don’t show, but can pass down |
| Huntington's Disease | A disease that is dominant Only shows up at 40’s and 50’s |
| Incomplete Dominance | Always heterozygous Both traits from the parents show Ex: Red flower + White flower = Pink flower |
| Codominance | Both traits from the parents show completely Always heterozygous Ex: Brown dog with white spots |
| Polygenic Traits | A traits that’s controlled by multiple alleles |
| Pleiotropy (plee eh troh pee) | One gene that affects multiple traits Ex: Sheep have one gene that control their hair color and eye color |
| Traits | Characteristics that can be passed from parent to offspring |
Created by:
Brooklynite
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