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Biology Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The cell | The smallest functional unit of life |
| Living things are either_, or _ | Unicellular (bacteria) Multicellular (animal) |
| Robert Hooke was the first to record what he described as “cells” under a microscope looking at... | Cork |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Father of Microbiology) Discovered single celled organisms he called... | Animalcules (Bacteria) |
| Louis Pasteur (Father of “Germ Theory”), What is the Germ Theory? | The idea that microscopic organisms are responsible for illness |
| The Cell Theory | 1.Cells are the basic unit of life 2.All organisms are made of one or more cells 3.All cells arise from existing cells |
| The plasma membrane | All cells are surrounded by a membrane It is a thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell contents from its environment It acts like a barrier but with gates |
| Phospholipids | Cell membranes are mostly made up of phospholipids. When in water this forms a “lipid bilayer”. The head likes water “hydrophilic” while the tail does not like water “hydrophobic This keeps water from flooding the cell |
| How cells take in nutrients and get rid of waste | The cell’s semipermeable membrane allows some things to pass through and prevents others |
| 2 ways that materials can pass through this membrane | Passive transport: No need for cell’s energy (ATP) Active transport: Needs cell’s energy (ATP) to allow passage |
| Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion Diffusion- | The random movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration |
| Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion | Still uses a concentration gradient, but also requires the use of carrier proteins |
| Passive Transport: Osmosis | The diffusion of WATER across the semipermeable membrane Water moves from solutions with higher water (lower solute) concentrations to solutions with lower water (higher solution) concentrations The water is the thing moving |
| 3 different ways cells react to osmotic effects of different solution concentrations | Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic |
| Hypertonic | Too much water outside cell |
| Isotonic | Same amount of water inside and outside of cell |
| Hypotonic | Too much water inside cell |
| The Cytoplasm | The matrix that fills the inside of the cell is called the cytoplasm The cytoplasm is filled with floating “Organelles” that serve particular functions |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers and tubes extending throughout the cytoplasm This gives the cell support and shape |
| The Nucleus | The “center” of the cell |
| Cells with a nucleus | Eukaryotes-Plants and Animals |
| Cells without a nucleus | Prokaryotes-Bacteria and similar unicellular organisms |
| Organelles | Small organ-like structures that perform specific functions for a cell Parts of a cell |
| Ribosomes | Built inside the nucleus Build proteins Lots of Ribosomes in a row, work like an assembly line They are either suspended in the cytoplasm, or bound to other organelles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Extensive network of membranes that produce materials for the cell like a factory |
| Rough ER | Has ribosomes on its surface that helps build proteins and membranes |
| Smooth ER | Builds lipids, processes carbohydrates, and modifies chemicals that are toxic to the cell |
| Golgi Apparatus | A series of flat, membrane bound sacs where molecules are sorted, often modified, packaged, and distributed to their destination The cell’s “packaging center” |
| Mitochondria | The Mitochondria changes the energy that is stored in food compounds, into a form that is useful fo a cell, a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The powerhouse of the cell This is where all of the energy is generated |
| Lysosome | A saclike organelle in charge of digesting large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Also digest old organelles that are no longer useful to the cell |
| Cilia | Short hair-like projections that usually occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells Help unicellular organisms move, also found in multicellular organisms. (Example: the lungs) |
| Flagella | Long, tail-like projection. Organisms usually only have one or a few flagellum |
| Plant and animal cells are different... | Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles Cell Wall In addition to a membrane, plant cells also have walls surrounding the cell |
| Chloroplast | This helps the plant build sugars using energy from the sun, a process called Photosynthesis Central Vacuole A large central compartment that serves many functions Absorb water Stores proteins, ions, waste products of metabolism |
| Active transport | The cell must use energy to transport objects in and out of the membrane That energy is in the form of ATP ATP unlocks the carrier proteins to allow molecules in and out |
| Bulk Movement | When the cell needs to transport very large molecules across the membrane |
| 2 types of bulk movement | Exocytosis (Out) Endocytosis (In) |
| Exocytosis | Wastes and cell products are packaged by the Golgi apparatus in sacs called Golgi vesicles The vesicles fuse to the cell membrane and secrete the materials out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | The cell membrane surrounds desirable molecules that are outside the cell The membrane creates a vesicle and moves it into the cell, where it can either send the contents to organelles or release it into the cytoplasm |
| 2 Forms of Endocytosis | Pinocytosis:Encloses a droplet of liquid and its solutes(Drinking) Phagocytosis:Encloses a solid substance instead of liquid (Eating) |
Created by:
Brooklynite
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