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Marine Biology 2
Marine Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Benthic | The ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water (the ocean floor) |
| Zoobenthos | Animal subset of organisms that live on or near the sea floor |
| Infauna | Animals that live in the substrate of a body of water (especially in the soft sea bottom) |
| Epifauna | Benthic animals that live on the surface of a substrate (on rocks, etc) |
| What determines the population composition? | Both abiotic conditions like salinity, light penetration, structural complexity, sedimentation, nutrient concentration, temperature, etc and biotic conditions like predators, competition, symbiotic relations and food availability. |
| An example of biotic influence on population composition: | Corals are in a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae and global warming is ruining this symbiosis and killing the corals. |
| Surface availablity | Another factor is population composition because many benthic organisms are sessile and therefore need an area to occupy. It is difficult to identify the factors influencing the pop.composition but around the littoral area its slightly easier. |
| Cobbles as a bottom sediment habitat | Impossible--too violent to sustain life. |
| Sand as a bottom sediment habitat | Though there is plenty of oxygen, tunnels cave in, there is sudden burial and sudden exposure and not a lot of edible sediment for deposit feeders. |
| Mud as a bottom sediment habitat | There is plenty of edible sediment, the surface doesn't shift, tunnels don't collapse |
| Macrofauna, Meiofauna and Microfauna | Macro>1 mm, Meio .1-1 mm, Micro<.1 mm |
| Direct development | When the hatched embryo develops directly into the adult organism |
| Indirect development | When the hatched embryo develops into some intermediate larval stage before morphing into the adult. |
| Lecithotrophic larvae | A planktonic-dispersing larva that lives off yolk supplied via the egg |
| Planktotrophic larvae | Larvae that feed during their planktonic stage. |
| Plankton | Any drifting organisms (animals, plants and microorganisms) that inhabit the pelagic zone of oceans, seas or other bodies of water. |
| Nekton | A term referring to the swimming organisms in a body of water that are able to move independently of water currents. |
| Marine Taxonomic diversity | There are 45 invertebrate phyla and 22 of them are entirely marine. Except for arthropods, invertebrates have generally been less successful at invading terrestrial environments. |
| Protozoa | Microorganisms classified as unicellular eukaryotes |
| Foraminifera | A large group of amoeboid protists with pseudopods--fine strands of cytoplasm that form a dynamic net. They have one or multiple chambers and some reach 19 cm. (most are tiny) |
| Cilliophora | Any member of the protozoa that have hairlike projections called cillia that function in mobility, attachment or feeding. |
| Porifera | The name of the phylum of sponges. They are sessile active filter feeders. |
| Spongocoel | The large central cavity of sponges. |
| Ostia | Tiny pores over the entire surface of the sponge through which water enters the sponge bringing in oxygen and nutrients. |
| Osculum | Larger pores in the sponge surface through which water leaves the sponge taking out waste with it. |
| Choanocytes | Flagellated cells in the porifera that move to generate a water current through the sponge. |
| Fouling | The undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and or animals on wetted structures. |
| Silt | Small grain sediment in which you only find animals that maintain contact with the external environment due to oxygen difficulties. |
| Sandy environment | An environment that is more aerobic but less stable than silt. |
| Segmented worms and other invertebrates | An important source of nutrition to marine animals. |
| תמר הים | A drilling bivalve that uses chemicals to drill. Nemertea (a type of worm) can take advantage of these holes. |
| Sipuncula | A small organism that reaches 1-1.5cm and drills mechanically. |
| Advantages of the infauna life style | Provides protection from predators as well as an increase in living surface area. |
| Aristotles Lantern | Mouth apparatus used by sea urchins |
| Grazing | A type of predation in which an herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses and other multicellular autotrophs (like algae). |
| Detritus feeders | Organisms that feed on decaying organic material |
| Crinoidea | Also known as sea lillies--they are suspension feeding echinoderms |
| Suspension feeding | Animals that feed by straining suspended food out of the water. |
| Cirri | Feather-like structures on marine filter feeding organisms used for catching food. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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