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Parasit-Intro Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| parasitoid | insects (typically wasps or flies) whose immature stages feed on their host's body, usually another insect, but finally kill the host |
| reasons to study parasites | cause major diseases of humans and animals, vastly outnumber free-living organisms, fascinating coevolution with hosts, parasitology ties together many disciplines |
| symbiosis | "living together", any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other |
| phoresis | two symbionts "travel together" without physiological or biochemical dependence on the part of either participant; one is usually smaller and mechanically carried by the other |
| mutualism | relationship in which both partners benefit from the association |
| phoresis example | Bot fly |
| commensalism | one partner benefits from the association, but the host is neither helped nor harmed; the term means "eating at the same table" |
| parasite (Greek meaning) | situated beside |
| parasitism | one organism lives at the expense of the other (+/-); the parasite is usually metabolically dependent on the host, can't live by itself and the relationship is permanent or temporary and often involves immune response by the host (usually detected) |
| historic definition of a parasite | eukaryotic (no viruses or bacteria), non-fungal organism; also no plants |
| abberant parasite | characteristic of the host, but found in an unusual location within the host; rogue |
| abberant parasite example | chicken roundworms found in the egg |
| accidental/incidental parasite | parasite that enters or attaches to the body of a species of host different from its normal one; usually doesn't go to the right spot either |
| accidental/incidental parasite example | heartworm in humans |
| ectoparasite | lives on the outer surface of the host |
| ectoparasite example | ticks, fleas, chiggers |
| Endoparasite | one that lives inside the host |
| facultative parasite | establishes a relationship with a host if the opportunity presents itself; not normally parasitic |
| facultative parasite example | lake amoeba |
| obligatory parasite | cannot be free-living (cannot complete their life cycle without spending at least part of the time in a parasitic relationship); physiologically and metabolically dependent on the host |
| obligatory parasite example | tapeworm |
| permanent parasite | lives its entire adult life within or on a host |
| temporary/intermittent parasite | contacts its host only to feed and then leaves |
| definitive host | one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity, or the most important host if no sexual reproduction occurs; often vertebrate; some parasites ONLY have these if passed directly |
| intermediate host | one in which some development or asexual reproduction occurs, but sexual maturity does not occur; often invertebrate |
| paratenic/transport host | one in which the parasite does not undergo any development but in which it remains alive and infective to another host; enters and feeds from host |
| reservoir host | any animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to humans; true host; acts as a living source of the parasite |
| reservoir host example | mice and Lyme disease |
| vector | intermediate host that actively transmits a disease organism; usually an Arthropod |
| vector example | mosquito |
| coelozoic | lives in cavities of the host (peritoneal cavity, lumen of the gut, blood vessel, etc.) |
| cytozoic | intracellular parasite; live within host cells |
| histozoic | lives in the tissues of the host but not within cells (extracellular) |
| direct life cycle | one host cycle; parasite is transmitted from one DH to the next (no IH); commonly called hand-to-mouth or fecal-oral cycle |
| direct life cycle example | geohelminth transmission via nightsoil (human poo used as fertilizer that contaminates crops) |
| monoxenous | parasites transmitted via the direct life cycle |
| indirect life cycle | one requiring two or more hosts |
| indirect life cycle example | toxoplasma (cat and mouse) |
| heteroxenous | parasites transmitted via the indirect life cycle |
| haplontic life cycle | protists that live all of their life cycle stages except for zygote as haploid; divide meiotically after the zygote stage |
| haplontic life cycle example | toxoplasma |
| diplontic life cycle | all life cycle stages are diploid except for gametes (haploid) |
| main types of transmission by vectors | biological and mechanical |
| types of biological transmission | cyclodevelopmental, cyclopropagative, and propagative |
| biological transmission | vector is intimately involved in the parasite's life cycle; involves an incubation time-- vector is not immediately infective |
| cyclodevelopmental transmission | the parasite undergoes cyclical changes/develops within the vector in order to move on but does not multiply; # of parasites that enter= # that leave |
| cyclodevelopmental transmission example | filarial worms |
| cyclopropagative transmission | the parasite undergoes cyclical/developmental changes and multiplies within the vector; parasite develops and multiplies in the vector |
| cyclopropagative transmission example | malaria, schisto |
| propagative transmission | the parasite multiplies within the vector without any cyclical changes; organism multiplies but doesn't develop in the vector |
| propagative transmission example | west nile virus (multiplies a lot in the mosquito) |
| mechanical transmission | transmission from one host to another without biological input from the vector |
| mechanical transmission example | contaminated mouth parts of the vector transmit the pathogen; blood disease transported by mouthparts of the vector, needle, etc |
| hyperparasitism | parasitism of a parasite |
| hyperparasitism example | tapeworm living in a flea |
| zoonotic disease | disease transmitted from animals to humans |
| zoonotic disease example | Lyme disease, schisto |
| modes of parasite entry into host | ingestion, inhalation, penetration of skin/mucous membranes, inoculation of wounds, washed in |
| effects on hosts | compete for nutrients (ex. blood), destroy/block tissue, secrete toxins, modify host behavior, affect growth/reproduction |
| public health | the science and art of improving and protecting the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention |
Created by:
Jean-O
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