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First Aid Review 4
Complete review round 4 FA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the cervical pathologies caused by HPV? | 1. Cervical dysplasia 2. Squamous cell cervical cancer |
| What type of cervical cancer is produced by HPV, squamous cell or small cell cervical cancer? | Squamous cell cervical cancer |
| Which gene products of HPV allow for cancer genesis? | E6 and E7 gene products |
| How does HPV infection cause cancer? | E6 and E7 gene produces allow cell cycle out of control, despite damage to the cellular DNA |
| Which infectious agents are most likely to cause Epididymitis? | N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis |
| How is Epididymitis presented? | Localized, unilateral testicular pain that relieved by manual elevation, and has a normal cremasteric reflex. |
| Is Epididymitis presented with an abnormal or normal cremasteric reflex? | Normal cremasteric reflex |
| How is acute Prostatitis clinically presented in a patient? | Enlarged, tender prostate gland accompanied by fever, dysuria, urinary frequency, and abdominal/pelvic pain |
| What are the most common pelvic tumor in women? | Leiomyoma |
| Benign pelvic tumor in young women, with abnormal uterine bleeding, abdominal pain, and bloating. Dx? | Leiomyoma |
| Which gland do GnRH agonists directly work on? | Pituitary gland |
| How do GnRH agonists work if administered in a continuous or constant form? | Initially increases the release of gonadotropins but eventually leads to desensitization and down regulation of these receptors |
| Long term use of continuous-release of GnRH agonist resembles --> | Hypogonadal state resembling menopause |
| How is Ectopic pregnancy commonly clinically presented? | Lower abdominal pain, amenorrhea, vaginal bloody spotting, elevated and rising B-hCG, and empty uterus |
| What is the major risk (condition) for ectopic pregnancy development? | Salpingitis |
| What is the definition of Salpingitis? | Pelvic inflammatory disease |
| Salpingitis is a form of _______. | PID |
| What does "Early Deceleration" of the fetal heart rate indicate? | Increased vagal tone because of uterine contraction exerting pressure on the fetal head |
| What do early decelerations in delivery of a baby mean? | Reassuring findings that are due to uterine contraction exerting pressure on the fetal head |
| What are the components of oral contraceptives? | Exogenous estrogen and progesterone |
| What is the result of other hormones due to OCPs? | Decrease FSH levels by feedback inhibition of the endogenous release of GnRH |
| Are FSH levels increased or decreased in a patient on OCPs? | Decreased |
| Which hormone is inhibited to be released by OCPs? | GnRH |
| What is the result of the lower FSH levels due to OCP therapy? | The follicular-phase estrogen concentration will not increase to the level needed for the midcycle LH surge --> no ovulation |
| What is the result or overall purpose of OCP therapy? | Prevent ovulation |
| What is a cause related to placenta that may cause postpartum bleeding? | Retained placental tissue |
| What is a risk factor for retaining placenta postpartum? | Placentae accrete |
| What is the genotype of Klinefelter syndrome? | XXY genotype |
| What is due to the primary hypogonadism seen in Klinefelter syndrome? | Azoospermia, small and firm testes, gynecomastia, absent secondary sexual characteristics, and long lower extremities |
| What causes the elevated LH in Klinefelter syndrome? | Decreased testosterone production from dysfunctional Leydig cells |
| What male determining sex cells are dysfunctional in Klinefelter syndrome? | Leydig cells |
| What are Sertoli cells? | Non-spermatogenic cells that exist within the seminiferous tubules |
| What is secreted by Sertoli cells during embryonic development of the males? | Anti-Mullerian hormone, to prevent development of female reproductive organs |
| What is inhibited by the anti-Mullerian hormone? | Development of female reproductive organs |
| What parts of the body are NOT lymph drain by the Thoracic duct? | Right arm, right side of the thorax, and the right head and neck region |
| What structure drains the lymph from the right arm, neck region, head, and thorax? | Right lymphatic duct |
| What is the main mediator of pain due to uterine stimulation? | Prostaglandin E2 |
| What drugs are the first line of treatment of menstrual pain? | NSAIDs |
| At which phase are oocytes arrested prior to ovulation? | Prophase I of meiosis |
| Which phase are oocytes arrested from ovulation until fertilization? | Metaphase II of meiosis |
| What are the classic or most common symptoms of Fibrocystic breast changes? | Bilateral pain and cystic lumps without skin changes, nipple discharge, or axillary lymphadenopathy that worsen before menses |
| What are the histological findings of Fibrocystic breast changes? | Fibrous tissue, cysts, and proliferation of acini |
| What is the histological description of cells in Paget disease of the breast? | Large cells with halo-like clearings |
| How is PID presented? | Sharp pain in the RUQ, with purulent discharge and bilateral adnexal and cervical motion tenderness. |
| What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome? | Complication of PID and should be suspected in patients presenting with sharp RUQ pain in addition to symptoms consistent with PID |
| What are the most common breast masses in young women? | Fibroadenomas |
| Histology of Fibroadenomas of the breast | Fibrotic interlobular stroma around normal ducts and glands |
| What is Leiomyosarcoma? | Malignant neoplasm of the smooth muscle of that presents as a uterine mass in postmenopausal women |
| What is the essential or leading role of B-hCG? | Maintenance of the Corpus Luteum until placenta takes over |
| What part of the urethra is injured in males in a straddle injury? | Bulbous urethra |
| What protein or marker is normal and has not decreased in Edward syndrome? | Inhibin level |
| What causes Edward syndrome? | Nondisjunction of chromosome 18 during meiosis I or II |
| What is a common mnemonic used to list derivatives of the Mesonephric ducts? | BEEDS |
| What does "BEEDS" stand for? | Bladder trigone Epididymis Ejaculatory ducts Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles |
| What is Endometritis? | Uterine infection that presents with fever, pelvic pain, and vaginal discharge |
| What are some common events that predispose higher risk of developing Endometritis? | After C-section or by retained products of conception after miscarriage or abortion |
| How is Infiltrative ductal carcinoma of the breast histologically described? | Anastomosing sheets of pleomorphic cells that can sometimes overexpress HER2/neu |
| What is the most invasive breast tumor? | Infiltrative ductal carcinoma of the breast |
| Where are Sertoli cells found in men, and what do they secrete? | Periphery of the Seminiferous tubules and produce ABP, which solubilizes androgens |
| What process is defective that result in Open NTDs? | Primary neurulation |
| What teratogenic defects are associated by elevated MSAFP? | Open NTDs |
| What are the presenting signs and symptoms of Meigs' syndrome? | Abdominal fullness, ovarian mass, ascites, and pleural effusion (hydrothorax) |
| What is the classic and key histological finding of Meigs' syndrome? | Collagen-rich, monomorphic spindle cells. |
| What are the main and first WBC to present in STI due to gonorrhoeae and/or C trachomatis? | Polymorphonuclear cells |
| Description of Polymorphonuclear cells: | Cellular mediators of acute inflammation that have multilobular and azurophilic nuclei |
| What is the definition of Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)? | Menopause before the age of 40 |
| What is a common cause of POF? | Previous chemotherapy (years) |
| What is the most likely diagnosis of a 35 year old woman, that is in 3 years remission of breast cancer, and finished her chemotherapy approximately 3 years ago? | Premature Ovarian Failure |
| What is Epispadias? | Opening of the urethra on the dorsal side of the penis |
| What is the name for the condition in which the penis has a congenital opening on the dorsal side? | Epispadias |
| What other severe condition is associated with a patient with Epispadias? | Bladder exstrophy |
| Which Chlamydial serotype causes LGV? | L1-L3 |
| What is the common course of symptoms of LGV? | Initially presents as a self-limited, painless genital ulcer that can progress to ulcerated tender lymphadenopathy (buboes) 4-6 weeks after. |
| What STI is associated by the later development of Ulcerated tender lymphadenopathy (buboes)? | LGV |
Created by:
rakomi
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