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BIO MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
all vocab words from this chapter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allele | One of several alternative forms of a particular gene. |
| Anaphase | In mitosis, the stage in which the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from one another and are moved to opposite poles of the cell; in meiosis I, the stage in which homologous chromosomes, consisting of two sister chromatids, are separated; in |
| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of haploid sex cells. The parent body may divide and new parts regenerate, or a new, smaller individual may form as an attachment to the parent, to drop off when complete. |
| Autosome | A chromosome that occurs in homologous pairs in both males and females and that does not bear the genes determining sex. |
| Binary fission | The process by which a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring. |
| Cell Cycle | The sequence of events in the life of a cell, from one division to the next. |
| Cell Division | Splitting of one cell into two; the process of cellular reproduction. |
| Cell Plate | In plant cell division, a series of vesicles that fuse to form the new plasma membranes and cell wall separating the daughter cells. |
| Centriole | In animal cells, a short, barrel-shaped ring consisting of nine microtubule triplets; a microtubule-containing structure at the base of each cilium and flagellum; gives rise to the microtubules of cilia and flagella and is involved in spindle formation du |
| Centromere | The region of a replicated chromosome at which the sister chromatids are held together until they separate during cell division. |
| Checkpoint | In the eukaryotic cell cycle, one of several stages at which various proteins regulate the ability of the cell to proceed through the cycle. |
| Chiasma(chiasmata) | A point at which a chromatid of one chromosome crosses with a chromatid of the homologous chromosome during prophase I of meiosis; the site of exchange of chromosomal material between chromosomes. |
| Chromatid | One of the two identical strands of DNA and protein that forms a replicated chromosome. The two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. |
| Chromosome | A single DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize the DNA. |
| Clone | Offspring that are produced by mitosis and are therefore genetically identical to each other. |
| Cloning | The process of producing many identical copies of a gene; also the production of many genetically identical copies of an organism. |
| Crossing over | The exchange of corresponding segments of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis. |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells during cell division; normally occurs during telophase of mitosis. |
| Differentiation | The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, especially of embryos, become specialized into particular tissue types. |
| Diploid | Referring to a cell with pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
| Duplicated Chromosome | A eukaryotic chromosome following DNA replication; consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromeres. |
| Gamete | A haploid sex cell formed in sexually reproducing organisms. |
| Haploid | Referring to a cell that has only one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. |
| Homologue | A chromosome that is similar in appearance and genetic information to another chromosome with which it pairs during meiosis; also called homologous chromosome . |
| Interphase | The stage of the cell cycle between cell divisions; the stage in which chromosomes are replicated and other cell functions occur, such as growth, movement, and acquisition of nutrients. |
| Karyotype | A preparation showing the number, sizes, and shapes of all chromosomes within a cell and, therefore, within the individual or species from which the cell was obtained. |
| Kinetochore | A protein structure that forms at the centromere regions of chromosomes; attaches the chromosomes to the spindle. |
| Locus | The physical location of a gene on a chromosome. |
| Meiosis | In eukaryotic organisms, a type of nuclear division in which a diploid nucleus divides twice to form four haploid nuclei. |
| Meiotic cell division | Meiosis followed by cytokinesis. |
| Metaphase | The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes, attached to spindle fibers at kinetochores, are lined up along the equator of the cell. |
| Mitosis | A type of nuclear division, used by eukaryotic cells, in which one copy of each chromosome (already duplicated during interphase before mitosis) moves into each of two daughter nuclei; the daughter nuclei are therefore genetically identical to each other. |
| Mitotic cell division | Mitosis followed by cytokinesis. |
| Prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromosomes condense, the spindle forms, the nuclear envelope breaks apart, and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid. Also, the first stage of meiosis: In meiosis I, the homologous |
| Recombination | The formation of new combinations of the different alleles of each gene on a chromosome; the result of crossing over. |
| Sex Chromosome | The pair of chromosomes that usually determines the sex of an organism; for example, the X and Y chromosomes in mammals. |
| Sexual Reproduction | A form of reproduction in which genetic material from two parent organisms is combined in the offspring; normally, two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. |
| Spindle Microtubule | Microtubules organized in a spindle shape that separate chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis. |
| Telomere | The nucleotides at the end of a chromosome that protect the chromosome from damage during condensation, and prevent the end of one chromosome from attaching to the end of another chromosome. |
| Telophase | In mitosis and both divisions of meiosis, the final stage, in which the spindle fibers usually disappear, nuclear envelopes re-form, and cytokinesis generally occurs. In mitosis and meiosis II, the chromosomes also relax from their condensed form. |
Created by:
alexmillerr
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