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Pathology
Round 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which enzyme is strongly associated with development of necrotic pancreatitis? | Trypsinogen --> Trypsin |
| What is developed due to the inadequate conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin? | Pancreatitis |
| What is the cause of chest pain in Variant angina patients? | Coronary artery spasms |
| Which are the most common locations for Melanoma to metastasize? | Bone, brain, lungs, and liver |
| Melanoma metastasizes to bone will result in which important serum levels: | High Ca2+, high ALP, and normal phosphate |
| Myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton disease. Improve with repetitive nerve stimulation? | Lambert-Eaton syndrome |
| What causes Lambert-Eaton disease? | Autoantibodies against presynaptic voltage-gated Calcium channels |
| Antibodies against presynaptic voltage gated Ca2+ channels | Lambert-Eaton syndrome |
| What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Hypersensitive pneumonitis? | Mix of type III and type IV hypersensitivities |
| What is the pathogenesis of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis? | Pneumonitis that quickly resolves by avoidance of allergens and reappears after additional exposures to the allergen |
| What is a common cause of painless rectal bleeding in a child? | Meckel diverticulum |
| What gives rise to a Meckel diverticulum? | Persistence of the Omphalomesenteric duct |
| Which commonly tested occupations are associated with exposure to Asbestos? | Plumbing, shipbuilding, or roofing |
| What are the most significant histologic findings of Asbestosis? | Ferruginous bodies on lung biopsy |
| Which are the associated malignances with prolonged Asbestos exposure? | Bronchogenic (non-small cell) carcinoma and Pleural Mesothelioma |
| What are common physical findings of 21B-hydroxylase deficiency? | Virilization and usually salt wasting and hyperkalemia |
| What is common about cortisol in all forms of CAH? | Low cortisol levels |
| What does the low cortisol level in CAH lead to? | High ACTH and adrenal hyperplasia |
| How is the most common presentation of Follicular Thyroid carcinoma? | Nodule in the anterior neck and which may cause local compression with hoarseness or dysphagia |
| Which type of Thyroid cancer is often seen with hoarseness or dysphagia due to local compression? | Follicular Thyroid carcinoma |
| What is the typical histology of Follicular thyroid cancer? | Clusters of epithelial cells that sometimes extend through the capsule |
| What condition is often predisposed to Squamous cell skin cancer? | Actinic keratosis (AK) |
| Which part of the neck are Thyroglossal duct cysts located? | Anterior midline neck |
| Anterior midline mass that moves with swallowing or tongue protrusion | Thyroglossal duct cyst |
| What mass is often presented in a child's neck concurrently with an URI? | Thyroglossal duct cyst |
| What is the main defect leading to DIC? | Widespread microthrombi in small vessels |
| Which muscles are most affected in Inclusion Body myositis? | Quadricep and distal finger flexor muscles |
| What are the histological findings in a biopsy from the sample of Inclusion body myositis? | Rimmed vacuoles and mononuclear (CD8+ T cells) infiltrate |
| What are the main histological changes or features of alcoholic hepatitis? | Fatty changes, Mallory bodies, and neutrophilic infiltrate |
| What are the histopathologic findings of Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast? | Atypical glandular cells that form irregular tubules waiting for a dense connective tissue (desmoplastic) stroma |
| How are metalloproteinases associated with the pathogenesis of Breast cancer? | Allow degradation of the basement membrane |
| What is the proper function of metalloproteinases associated with breast cancer development? | Allow the progression from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma |
| What is an important long-term consequence of ASD? | Pulmonary hypertension, leading to cyanosis an hypoxia |
| What is the name given to the reversal of a Left to Right shunt, into a Right-to-Left shunt? | Eisenmenger syndrome |
| Which myopathy is known to present with symmetrical, proximal muscle weakness, and no cutaneous involvement? | Polymyositis |
| What is the most common form of positional vertigo? | BPPV |
| What cause BPPV? | Dislodged calcium crystals (or otoliths) within the posterior semicircular canal |
| Which condition is often diagnosed by the Epley maneuver? | BPPV |
| What set of criteria is used to diagnose ARDS? | Acute hypoxic respiratory failure and diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrates on Rx imaging |
| What is PAN? | Medium vessel vasculitis associated with hepatitis B |
| Which vasculitis is strongly associated with HBV infection? | PAN |
| Which organ system or organ is spared by PAN? | Lungs |
| What type (or range) of symptoms are not commonly found in a patient with PAN? | Pulmonary symptoms |
| Which vasculitis is associated with high C-reactive protein, high ESR, and normal antibody serologies? | PAN |
| What are circumstances in which BUN can increase without increase in Creatine (Cr)? | 1. Heavy protein ingestion 2. GI bleeding 3. Massive trauma with blood loss |
| What is an important respiratory consequences of patients with underlying malignancies? | Acute pulmonary embolism |
| What is Carcinoid syndrome? | Constellation of symptoms due to hormone-producing neuroendocrine tumor that release Serotonin-like compounds into blood |
| What is the main histologic finding of Carcinoid syndrome? | Cells with dense core granules |
| What is the histologic deficit seen with Dermatomyositis? | Perimysial inflammation with perifascicular atrophy |
| Muscle tissue biopsy shows perimysial inflammation with perifascicular atrophy. Diagnosis? | Dermatomyositis |
| What is the most common presentation of a Cluster headache? | Unilateral pain, lacrimation, and nasal stuffiness |
| What is the distribution of most Cluster headaches? | Along trigeminal nerve ( CN V), specifically V1 and V2 |
| Which type of headache pain is distributed among CN V1 and CN V2? | Cluster headache |
| How do Thiazides cause hyponatremia? | Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption and limiting the ability o the kidney to dilute the urine |
| What is the most common primary cardiac tumor? | Myxomas |
| What is the auscultation feature of Cardiac myxomas? | "plopping" sound |
| What is the most common location for a Cardiac myxoma to appear? | Left atrium |
| Is intrapleural pressure, negative or positive, in normal respiration? | Negative |
| What is the only action in which there is a positive intrapleural pressure? | Forced expiration |
| What is the definition of Benign Follicular Hyperplasia? | Reactive lymphadenopathy that typically results in painless lymph node enlargement that is characterised by increased numbers active follicles |
| What gives rise to Benign Follicular hyperplasia? | Condition that causes a humoral immune response with activation and proliferation of B cells |
| What is the most common subtype of lung cancer? | Adenocarcinoma of the lung |
| What population is at higher risk of developing lung adenocarcinoma? | Nonsmokers and women |
| What cells give rise to lung adenocarcinoma? | Mucus-secreting cells |
| What autoimmune condition is seen with dry eyes, dry mouth, dental caries, fatigue, and myalgia? | Sjogren syndrome |
| What is the cutaneous condition associated with Celiac disease? | Dermatitis herpetiformis |
| Which autoimmune condition is associated with Dermatitis herpetiformis? | Celiac disease |
| What is Dermatitis herpetiformis? | Skin disorder with cluster of pruritic, papular, and sometimes bullous lesions often in symmetric pattern |
| What part of the PNS is affected by Tabes dorsalis? | Degeneration of the posterior columns and the dorsal root ganglia in the spinal cord |
| Which infectious condition is associated with Tabes dorsalis? | Tertiary syphilis |
| What causes Hereditary Spherocytosis? | Defects in genes coding for RBC membrane structural protein, leading to decreased RBC flexibility and hemolysis |
| What is the MCC of Gallstones? | Increased excretion of free cholesterol into the bile, which leads to supersaturation and stone formation. |
| How is Biliary colic often presented? | Cholelithiasis and intermittent postprandial abdominal pain |
| What condition is due to antibodies against ADAMTS13 metalloproteinase? | TTP |
| What is the result of affecting ADAMTS13 by autoantibodies? | Decreased cleavage of vWF |
| What is the MCC of TTP? | Decreased cleave f vWF, due to autoantibodies attacking the metalloproteinase (ADAMTS13) |
| What are the most common testicular neoplasms in men between 15-35 of age? | Seminomas |
| What is the histological description of Testicular Seminomas? | Large cells with watery cytoplasm and a "fried egg" appearance |
| What renal and calcium conditions are associated with Osteitis fibrosa cystica? | Chronic kidney disease and tertiary hyperparathyroidism |
| What are the levels (increased, decreased, normal) of Calcium, PTH, and phosphate in Osteitis fibrosa cystica? | High PTH, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia |
| What is the MRI finding of Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration? | Cerebellar atrophy |
| What are the signs and symptoms of Cerebellar atrophy? | Lower extremity ataxia and gait impairment and later may show dysarthria, upper extremity ataxia, diplopia, and/or blurred vision. |
| What cardiac neoplasm is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis? | Cardiac rhabdomyoma |
| What are some classic characteristics of Tuberous sclerosis? | Seizures, intellectual disability, and facial angiofibroma |
| Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells resulting in excess immunoglobulin production | Multiple myeloma |
| What is the most common pathogen that causes prosthetic joint infection? | S. aureus |
| Which inflammatory disorders often have similar leukocyte numbers as an bacterial infection? | Rheumatoid arthritis and SLE |
| What is Mixed Cryoglobulinemia? | Small-vessel vasculitis caused by antigen-antibody deposition |
| Which MEN syndrome can be associated with a VIPoma? | MEN type I |
| What is caused by a VIPoma? | Watery diarrhea, increased gastric pH, and hypokalemia |
| What type of Acid-Base disorder is caused by hyperventilation? | Respiratory alkalosis |
| What type of Acid-Base disorder is seen with low CO2 in blood and high pH? | Respiratory alkalosis |
| What are some of the most common causes of Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation? | Pin, anxiety, aspirin overdose and pulmonary embolus |
| What malignancy is associated with "microsatellite instability"? | Colon cancer |
| What other type of malignancy, outside colon cancer, is associated with Lynch syndrome? | Endometrial carcinoma |
| What type or classification of angina is indicated by intermittent chest pain? | Variant angina |
| What causes chest pain in Variant Angina? | Coronary artery spasms cause intermittent chest pain |
| What risk factor is strongly associated with Variant angina chest pain development? | Smoking |
| What is the ECG consequence of AFIB? | Lack of ordered atrial contractions |
| Which ECG rhythm is associated with the loss of an "Atrial kick"? | AFIB |
| Which class of MHC is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma? | MHC class I |
| Which T cell type, CD8+ or CD4+, is associated with development of Hodgkin lymphoma and EBV infection? | CD8+ T cells |
| What is another way to refer to Hereditary thrombophilia? | Antithrombin III deficiency |
| What is used to diagnose Antithrombin disease? | Antithrombin-heparin cofactor assay |
| Which V/Q mismatch cause is associated with malignancies? | Pulmonary embolism |
| Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid arthritis: symptoms worsen late in the day or with activity? | Osteoarthritis |
| Which type of vasodilators are associated with causing Orthostatic hypotension? | a-1 antagonists |
| What is the antibody positive in GPA? | c-ANCA autoantibodies |
Created by:
rakomi
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