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Microbiology Exam I
Microbiology 2401
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission |
| Algae | primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leave |
| Fungi | the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants |
| Viruses | ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic |
| Protozoa | Any of the diverse group of eukaryotes, of the phylum Protozoa, that are primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria |
| Cell theory | the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms |
| Germ theory of disease | also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases |
| Koch's postulates | The microorganism must be seen in all cases of the disease, and must be isolated and grown in a laboratory; then must cause the same disease when administered to a test animal; and the same type of microorganism must then be isolated from the animal |
| Prion | an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid |
| Spontaneous generation | the theory, now known to be invalid, that plants, animals and microorganisms arose suddenly from non-living materials under certain environmental conditions |
| Aseptic technique | Procedures used to prevent the introduction of fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma or other microorganisms into cell, tissue and organ cultures |
| Anionic Dye | A dye that dissociates in aqueous solution to give a negatively charged coloured ion |
| Compound light microscope | an instrument to see objects too small for the naked eye |
| Differential stain | more than one substance used to impart color to tissues or cells, to facilitate microscopic study and identification |
| Simple stain | a single dye used to adhere to the cell wall, coloring the cell making it easy to see. |
| Electron microscope | An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and create a highly-magnified image |
| Heat fixation | Heat fixation is the procedure used to support a bacterial smear to a glass slide for viewing by a compound microscope |
| Gram stain | method of staining bacteria using a dye called crystal (gentian) violet.The gram-staining characteristics of bacteria are denoted as positive or negative, depending upon whether the bacteria take up and retain (+) the crystal violet stain or not (-) |
| Immersion oil | In light microscopy, oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolution of a microscope |
| Index of refraction | immersion oil has the same as glass and is used to replace air and prevent refraction at a glasss-air interface. |
| Negative stain | A procedure in which the background is stained whereas the specimen is not |
| Objective lens | The most important part of a compound microscope. It forms the primary image of the object, which is subsequently examined by the Eyepiece. Objectives are usually classified in terms of magnification |
| Ocular lens | The upper lens or eyepiece of a microscope that the viewer looks through |
| Phase-contrast microscopy | technique that manipulates passage of light through transparent specimens to reveal internal features |
| Reflection | light that bounces off of an object |
| Refraction | the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another |
| Transmission | The ratio of the total amount of light passing through the objective lens to the eye |
| Fluorescence | The property of giving off light at a particular wavelength (emission wavelength) when illuminated by light of a different wavelength (excitation wavelength) |
| Luminescence | Emission of light by chemical or electrical means |
| Scanning electron microscope | a microscope that uses a finely focused electron beam scanned across a sample to produce high resolution images |
| Transmission electron microscope | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through |
| Smear | a thin tissue or blood sample spread on a glass slide and stained for cytologic examination and diagnosis under a microscope |
| Wavelength | The length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next; it is often designated in physics as λ |
| Wet mount | A type of laboratory test in which a sample of a body fluid is preserved on a slide and examined under a microscope for the presence of microorganisms. |
| Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain | It is a special bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms |
| Fluorescence microscopy | light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes |
| Atom | the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element |
| Atomic weight | the total number of an atoms protons and neutrons |
| Protons | The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom. |
| Neutron | an elementary subatomic particle with 0 charge and mass found in the nucleus of each atom. |
| Electron | The subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus |
| Mole | the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; the basic unit of amount of substance adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites |
| Element | any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| Molecule | a sufficiently stable, electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds |
| Compound | a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| Ionic bond | a chemical bond between ions resulting from the transfer of electrons from one of the bonding atoms to the other. |
| Covalent bonds | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| Hydrogen bonds | a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond |
| Mixture | a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substance |
| Solvent | a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| Solute | the dissolved matter in a solution |
| Acid | is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water, i.e. a pH less than 7.0. Donates a hydrogen ion (H+) |
| Base | an aqueous substance that can accept hydrogen ions. A soluble base is also often referred to as an alkali if hydroxide ions (OH−) are involved. |
| pH | the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per L; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic |
| Carbohydrates | essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain |
| Lipids | an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cell |
| Protien | any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissue |
| Primary protein structure | The sequence of the different amino acids |
| Secondary protein structure | the alpha helix and the beta-sheet |
| Tertiary protein structure | elements of secondary structure are usually folded into a compact shape using a variety of loops and turn |
| Quaternary protein structure | the interaction between several chains of peptide bonds. |
| Nucleotides | Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA |
| Nucleic Acids | A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells |
| Exergonic | a process accompanied by the release of energy; "diffusion is an exergonic process" |
| Endergonic | a process accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy; the products of the process are of greater free energy than the reactants |
| Phospholipid | any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes |
| DNA | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information |
| RNA | a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell |
| Triaclyglycerol | also know as triglycerides, TAG and TG. The triple esters on a glycerol backbone, which may contain one, two or three different fatty acids, are the most common form of natural lipid |
| Catabolism | breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy |
| Anabolism | the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy |
| Prokaryotic cell | A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell containing a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles |
| Cell membrane | a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Cell wall | a rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cell |
| Cytoplasm | the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism |
| Flagella | a tail-like structure that projects from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
| Peptidoglycan | aka murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall |
| Lipopolysaccharide | aka lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria |
| Periplasmic space | a space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and external outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or the equivalent space outside the inner membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. |
| Gram negative | bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol |
| Gram positive | bacteria that have a single cell wall that does not contain lipopolysaccharide; these bacteria retain a violet stain when rinsed |
| Fluid mosaic model | biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less freely |
| Hydrophobic | lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water |
| Hydrophillic | having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water. |
| Nucleoid | resembling a nucleus. the region in a procaryotic cell where the dna is located |
| Endospore | A resting structure formed inside some bacteria that is resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions |
| Cortex | the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal |
| Vegetative cells | Cells involved in growth, nutrition, or asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction |
| Atrichous flagella | bacteria without flagella |
| Monotrichous | having a single polar flagella at one end |
| Amphitrichous | having two flagella, one at each end |
| Lophotrichous | having two or more flagella at each end |
| Peritrichous | having flagella all over the surface |
| Chemotaxis | movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus |
| Phototaxis | movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a light stimulus |
| Conjugation pili | a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria used to attach two cells and furnish a pathway for transferring genetic material |
| Attachment pili | a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria used to help bacteria adhere to surfaces |
| Glycocalyx | a general term referring to extracellular polymeric material (glycoprotein) produced by some bacteria, epithelia and other cells |
| Slime layer | an easily removed, diffuse, unorganised layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells |
| Capsule | very large structure of some prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells. It is a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. It is a well organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases |
| Plasma membrane | membrane that separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment; it consists of a double layer of phospholipids; cell membrane |
| Mitochondria | an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in the cells of green plants, and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place |
| Cilia | a hair-like structure that moves in a waving motion. Cilia are used for motility in some one-celled organisms |
| Endosymbiotic theory | organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms that were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts. Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria (in particular, Rickettsiales or close relatives) and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria. |
| Simple diffusion | a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration |
| Selectively permeable | a barrier that allows some chemicals to pass but not others |
| Facilitated diffusion | a substance not soluble by itself in lipids is transported across a selectively permeable membrane by combining with a transporter (carrier) molecule |
| Osmosis | diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration |
| Active transport | transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy |
| Hypertonic | a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the one to which it is compared (usually some kind of cell) |
| Hypotonic | a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the one to which it is compared (usually some kind of cell |
| Passive transport | any form of movement across a membrane that does not require the use of ATP. This includes simple diffusion, osmosis, the use of various channels, and facilitated diffusion |
| Endocytosis | a process whereby cells absorb particles by enveloping them with the help of vesicles formed from the cell wall |
| Exocytosis | the removal of particles by enveloping them in a vesicle and releasing them to the outside wall |
| Metabolism | the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which a particular substance is handled |
| Oxidation | the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction |
| Reduction | any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agen |
| Autotroph | an organism that makes its own food from light energy or chemical energy without eating |
| Heterotroph | An organism which requires an external supply of energy in the form of food as it cannot synthesize its own |
| Chemoautotroph | An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds and uses only organic compounds as a source of carbon |
| Photoautotroph | an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy |
| Chemoheterotroph | An organism that must ingest organic building blocks that they are incapable of creating on their own |
| Photoheterotroph | organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source |
| Activation energy | minimum amount of energy, that must be accommodated to a system in order to start a process, mostly for chemical reactions |
| Enzyme | A protein catalyst that facilitates specific chemical or metabolic reactions necessary for cell growth and reproduction |
| Cofactor | non-protein component(s) needed by an enzyme to be functional; some cofactors are metal ions, others are coenzymes |
| Coenzyme | a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes |
| Holoenzyme | A complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme plus a cofactor |
| Substrate | a molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
| Active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs |
| Allosteric site | a site other than the protein's active site |
| Allosteric inhibitor | act as 'modulators' in enzyme execution as they can attach themselves to a molecule that will alter the binding Site for the enzyme, rendering it unusable and therefore rendering the enzyme inactive. |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | a type of enzyme inhibition that reduces the maximum rate of a chemical reaction (Vmax) without changing the apparent binding affinity of the catalyst for the substrate |
| Competitive inhibition | a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa |
| Glycolysis | a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP |
| Phosphorylation | the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes |
| Fermentation | a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol |
| Homolactic acid fermentation | all two molecules of pyruvate are converted to lactate |
| Alcoholic fermentation | a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste product |
| Anaerobe | an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live |
| Aerobe | an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life |
| Facultative anaerobe | an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation. |
| Kreb's cycle | acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citric acid; the resulting citric acid is converted into a number of other chemicals, eventually reforming oxaloacetate; NADH, some ATP, and FADH2 are produced and carbon dioxide is released |
| Tricarboxylic acid cycle | the citric acid or Kreb's cycle |
| Electron transport chain | A group of electron carriers in mitochondria that transport electrons to and from each other in a sequence, in order to generate ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | the diffusion of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration. |
| Membrane transport | the moving of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across biological membranes |
| Binary fission | The method by which bacteria reproduce. The circular DNA molecule is replicated; then the cell splits into two identical cells, each containing an exact copy of the original cell's DNA |
| Budding | reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent |
| Lag phase | The initial growth phase, during which cell number remains relatively constant, prior to the onset of rapid cell division |
| Log phase | second growth period characterized by cell doubling |
| Stationary phase | third growth phase in which numbers level out due to equal growth and death rate |
| Death phase | fourth phase charcterized by declining numbers of bacteria as nutrients are depleted and cells die |
| Serial dilution | the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion |
| Pour plate method | can be used to determine the number of microbes/mL or microbes/gram in a specimen |
| Colony forming units | a measure of viable bacterial or fungal numbers |
| Direct microscopic count | The number of bacteria in a small known volume is directly counted microscopically and the number of bacteria in the larger original sample is determined by extrapolation |
| Spectrophotometer | an instrument used to measure turbidity |
| Turbidity | the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye |
| Filtration | the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium |
| Physical growth factors | pH, temperature, O2 concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation |
| Nutritional growth factors | carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements, and vitamins |
| Acidophile | an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment |
| Neutrophile | an organism that thrives in neutral pH environments |
| Alkaliphile | an organism that thrives in a relatively alkaline environment |
| Psychrophile | extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures |
| Thermophile | extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in hot temperatures |
| Mesophiles | an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 15 and 40 °C (77 and 104 °) |
| Barophile | extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction under high barometric pressure |
| Halophile | extremophile organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt |
| Plasmolysis | the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis |
| Sporulation | asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores |
| Pure culture | A culture containing a single kind of microorganism |
| Defined medium | A medium whose exact chemical composition is quantitatively known |
| Complex medium | A medium whose exact chemical composition is not quantitatively known |
| Selective medium | a culture medium containing substances that specifically inhibit or promote the growth of some species of microorganisms |
| Differential medium | A medium which is used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different eg colors or shapes of colonie |
| Enrichment medium | a medium of a given composition which permits preferential emergence of certain organisms that initially may have made up a relatively minute proportion of a mixed inoculum. |
| Stock Culture | A culture of a microorganism maintained solely to keep it viable for subculture into fresh medium |
| Taxonomy | the science of the classification of organisms |
| Binomial nomenclature | the system for naming organisms developed by Carl Linnaeus, in which every organism has a generic name and a specific epithet. |
| Genus | A taxonomic rank above the level of species and below family |
| Species | A group of plants or animals having similar appearance; A rank in the classification of organisms, below genus and above subspecies |
| Domain | the highest taxonomic rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom |
| Kingdom | the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped; one of five biological categories |
| Monera | include all the prokaryotic organisms or bacteria. This group of living organisms do not have any internal membranous organelles |
| Protista | eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae |
| Fungi | the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants |
| Plantae | the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants |
| Animalia | taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals |
| Phylogeny | the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| Dichotomous key | a guide to identification of plants or animals consisting of a series of pairs of questions or descriptions |
| Tree of life | The concept of a many-branched tree illustrating the idea that all life on earth is related |
| Shrub of life | The concept of a many-branched structure illustrating the idea that all life on earth is related |
| Archaea | A kingdom of unicellular microorganisms, many members of which can survive extreme environmental conditions, such as temperatures >100 °C, extremely alkaline or acid environs, and highly osmotic conditions |
| Phage typing | A method of identifying bacteria using specific strains of Bacteriophages |
| Numerical taxonomy | an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation |
| Anneal | for DNA or RNA to pair by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded polynucleotide |
| DNA hybridization | the process of combining complementary, single-stranded nucleic acids into a single molecule. Nucleotides will bind to their complement under normal conditions, so two perfectly complementary strands will bind to each other readily |
| DNA sequencing | sequencing methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA |
| Monoclonal antibody | any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules |
| Virus | ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts |
| Obligate intracellular parasite | microorganisms that are capable of growing and reproducing inside cells |
| Capsid | the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus |
| Envelope | the covering of some capsids used to help viruses enter host cells |
| Virion | a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses) |
| Capsomeres | make up the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. |
| Nucleocapsid | The RNA/DNA (genetic material/genome) of the virus and the protein layer (capsid) surrounding it |
| Glycoproteins | A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates |
| Naked virus | a virus that does not posses an envelope. In these viruses the capsid forms the outer layer |
| Positive sense RNA | signifies that a particular viral RNA sequence may be directly translated into the desired viral proteins |
| Negative sense RNA | is complementary to the viral mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA polymerase prior to translation |
| RNA virus | a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material |
| Picornavirus | non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid |
| Enterovirus | any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system) |
| Hepatovirus | a genus of viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. It encompasses the Hepatitis A with one unclassified virus |
| Rhinovirus | any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections |
| Togavirus | linear, single-stranded, positive sense RNA, enveloped and forms spherical particles, the capsid within is icosahedral |
| Flavivirus | A family of viruses transmitted by mosquitos and ticks that cause some important diseases, including dengue , yellow fever , tick-borne encephalitis virus, and West Nile fever |
| Retrovirus | any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA); the virus transcribes its RNA into a cDNA provirus that is then incorporated into the host cell, Known for HIV |
| Reverse transcriptase | the enzyme produced by HIV and other retroviruses that enables them to direct a cell to synthesize DNA from their viral RNA |
| Paramyxovirus | a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles |
| Rhabdovirus | any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies |
| Provirus | A provirus is a virus genome that has integrated itself into the DNA of a host cell. One kind of virus that can become a provirus is a retrovirus |
| Orthomyxovirus | a group of viruses including those causing influenza, RNA |
| Filovirus | RNA, Thread-like virus including Ebola and Marburg viruses |
| Bunyavirus | RNA,a family of negative-stranded RNA viruses. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this family occasionally infect human |
| Arenavirus | Any of several RNA viruses, of the genus RNA, most of which cause severe diseases transmitted by rodents |
| Reovirus | RNA,a family of viruses that can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) |
| DNA virus | A virus in which the genetic material is DNA rather than RNA. The DNA may be either double- or single-stranded |
| Herpesvirus | DNA, a group of viruses that includes herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus types 6 and 7, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) |
| Poxvirus | DNA, One of a group of viruses that produce spreading vesicular lesions, including smallpox, vaccinia, and molluscum contagiosum |
| Papovirus | the papilloma viruses and the polyomaviruses. Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are the smallest double-stranded DNA viruses |
| Hepadnavirus | a group of animal DNA viruses including the virus causing hepatitis B in humans |
| Parvovirus | any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease |
| Emerging virus | are a great cause for concern internationally, and the subject of a great deal of concentrated research |
| Viral replication | Adsorbtion, penetration, synthesis, maturation, release |
| Phage therapy | therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections |
| Eclipse period | A phase in the proliferation of viral particles during which the virus cannot be detected in the host |
| Latent period | defines the period from adsorption, penetration and uncoating of the virus until the first progeny virus are released |
| Plaque assay | A widely used approach for determining the quantity of infectious virus |
| Lysogeny | Process by which a viral genome is integrated into that of its host bacterium |
| Temperate phage | the ability of some bacteriophages (notable coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle |
| Cell culture | the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions |
| Cell strain | derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or markers |
| Cytopathic effect | Viruses can infect target cells and cause cell death |
| Latent viral infection | the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell |
| Teratogen | any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples |
| Carolus Linnaeus | the Father of Taxonomy |
| Robert Whittaker | added a fifth kingdom to Copeland's four kingdoms, the Kindom Fungi (single and multi-celluar osmotrophic eukaryotes) |
| David Bergey | Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
| Robert Hooke | This English naturalist (1635 - 1703) coined the term "cell" after viewing slices of cork through a microscope |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | considered the father of microscopy because of the advances he made in microscope design and use |
| Robert Koch | presented his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, anthrax. Known for Koch's postulates |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | Known for antiseptic and aseptic technique but was considered a lunatic and placed in an asylum. |
| Joseph Lister | Made aseptic technique modern practice |
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