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Patho 03
Stress and Adaptation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 essential ways a cell can be injured? | Deficiency, Intoxication (poisioning), Trauma |
| Cell injury disrupts? | energy metabolism, protein synthesis, function |
| Outcome on cell function = | nature + duration + intensity + number of exposures to injury |
| Ways to classify cell injury? | hypoxia, free radicals, nutritional imbalances, infectious agents, age, genetic defects |
| Hypoxia | lack of O2Single most common cause of cellular injury |
| Deficiency injuries | Lack of a substance necessary to the cell: such as oxygen or nutrients |
| Hypoxia can result from | decreased O2 in air, decreased # RBC, Respiratory/cardiac disease, decreased hemoglobin or loss of function of hemoglobin, poisioning of oxidative enzymes within cell |
| Ischemia | reduced blood supply leading to hypoxia |
| Anoxia | total lack of oxygen |
| Lack of nutrients | 1. lack in the diet2. in diet but cannot be absorbed |
| What can hypoxia lead to? | cells becoming swollen due to decreased production of ATP from switching to anaerobic metabolism, leading to na+ flowing into cell and K+ moving out of cell.Reversible if O2 is restored. |
| If O2 not restored, vacuolation occurs in cytoplasm and marked by mitochondrial swelling occurs. This stage is associated with cell injury | |
| In toxic injury__________ | toxin exerts its effects by binding to critical cell structures which then disrupts the function |
| Injurious substances = | toxins |
| Toxins can originate________ | from outside(Exogenous) or from inside the cell(Endogenous). |
| Exogenous Toxins:Biologic toxins | bacteria, fungi, protozoa |
| non-biologic toxins | Injurious chemicals (drugs) |
| Degree of exposure is a critical factor in injury because_______ | some toxins are injourious in small amts while others need a higher dose to be toxic. |
| Endogenous Toxins: | Genetic defects that cause a toxic substance to be produced (Huntington's disease)Genetic defect that activates an alternative metabolic pathway and the products are toxic (PKU)Impaired circulation that allows byproducts to accumulate: CO2 and bilirubin |
| TRAUMA INJURYHypothermia | ice crystals form in the water of the cell's cytoplasmDamages organelles in cell |
| TRAUMA INJURYHow does hyperthermia damage cell? | disrupts cell proteins |
| Trauma injuryBurns | Protein is chemically transformed by combining with oxygen leading to blackening and charring.Burn Eschar: DENATURED PROTEIN in zones of the burn |
| What happens when protein unflods or denatures? | Heat and acids break down the chemical bonds |
| What is most proteins in cells formed of? | a thin helix; a long chain of amino acids.Helix is held folded by chemical bonds. |
| Free Radical | uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.Makes molecule unstable. |
| What does the molecule do to regain stability? | it gives up an electron or steals one. |
| autocatalysis | multiple production of free radicals from 1 |
| Where is the GREATEST source and target of free radical damage? | Mitochondria |
| What 3 things are very vulnerable to free-radical damage? | cell membrane lipids, cell protein(including enzymes), and DNA |
| How can free radicals be produced? | Ionizing radiation, Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, elevated copper and iron levels in cell, normal metabolic reactions that release hydroxyl radicals or superoxide |
| What is the cells method of self-protection? | Intracellular Antioxidant Enzymes and Extracellular Antioxidants |
| Intracellular Antioxidant Enzymes | SOD (superoxide dismutase)Glutathione PeroxidaseCatalase |
| What do mitochondria lack making them more vulnerable to damage by free radicals? | catalase |
| Extracellular Antioxidants | Vitamin E, A, and C |
| What does vitamin E do in the cell membrane? | Acts as an antioxidant by attracting and neutralizing molecules with unpaired electrons.Interacts with free radicals to produce stable forms.Terminates the chain of autocatalysis. |
Created by:
kgille1970
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