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Bio 115 Test 1
Form and Function/ Nutrient Acquisition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| life | condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms manifested by growth, etc. |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic processes with mitochondria in which cells obtain energy from organic moelcules with the use of oxygen. |
| characteristics of life | Made up of cells, Reproduction, Based on a genetic code, growth and development, need for materials and energy, response to the environment, homeostasis/regulation, evolution/adaption |
| order | taxonomic category preceding family. |
| homeostasis | steady~ state physiological condition of the body. such as maintaining body temp. |
| evolution | decent with modification |
| surface area | the total area of an organism or body surface |
| volume | the measured quantity of a given 3D space |
| SAVR | the amount of surface area per unit of volume of an object. |
| Allen's Rule | structure of limbs are smaller in colder climates. shorter appendages and extremities radiate out less heat. |
| Bergman's Rule | size of homeothermic animals in a single, closely related evolutionary line increases from warm to cold climates. Larger= smaller SAVR. |
| Gloger's Rule | correlation between dark coloration and humid environments. |
| Cope's Rule | tendency for lineages to evolve to a larger body size..larger means more cells. |
| cell membrane | a permeable barrier separating the inner cell enviro. from outer cell enviro. while constraining movement of other molecules. |
| active transport | movement of a substance across a cell membrane wit an expenditure against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. (fromm low concentration to high concentration). |
| passive transport | diffusion of a substance across biological membrane w/ no expenditure of energy. |
| What is Challenge 1: && a few other challenges? | 1. exchange w/ enviro (gas, nutrients, etc). nourish selves && maintain orientation. |
| natural selection | form: anatomy && function: physiology. |
| example of co-evolution | orchid and moth form changed to fit function together. |
| how does oxygen reach our cells?? | blood carries oxygen to all of our cells. |
| equilibrium | state where every force actin on a body is resisted by another equal or opposite force whose net result is 0. |
| hypertonic solution | a solution that causes the cell it surrounds to lose water |
| hypotonic solution | refers to a solution that causes the cell it surrounds to absorb water. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water from higher water potential to lower water potential. |
| hyperosmotic | change in state or activity of a cell or an organism as a result of exposure to increase solute concentration. |
| hypoosmotic | a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism as a result of exposure to a decrease solute concentration. |
| organization prop. of life (notes for examples) | all organisms consist of one or more cells containing highly ordered structures. |
| growth prop. of life (notes for examples) | living organisms develop physically and possiibly mentally. |
| reproduction prop. of life (notes) | production or new cells and passing of heredity traits to new offspring through asexual or sexual methods. |
| regulation/homeostasis prop. of life (notes) | all organisms are capable of regulating their internal environment by supplying cells w/ nutrients, respiratory gases, eliminating waste, and transporting many substances through their body. |
| adaption prop. of life (notes) | a change or genetic mutation that allows an organism to better survive its environment. |
| cell SA:VR | to achieve acquisition of nutrients the cell needs to be small in size because volume increases at a faster rate then SA |
| agar | is a medium to grow microorganisms. |
| phenothalein | is a laxative used in preparations under various trade. used as an acid/ base indicator. red at high alkalinity and colorless below pH 8. |
| range for pH | is a range from 0-14 w/ 7 bein neutral. pH<7=acidity; pH>7=basic |
| pH | measure of acidity in a given substance. |
| acetic acid | found in vinegar. used to dissolve substances needed to make some medications and other products such as plastic. |
| isotonic solution | normal= water travels back in forth. |
| what makes plants stand? | turgic cells= hypotonic solution, full cells (rigid cell wall wont burst) |
| SA plant? | root hairs increase the SA. |
| Name 9 macronutrients/ micronutrients. | Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Potassium, Calcium,and Magnesium |
| cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2--> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Nitrogen is one of the basic components of which biological monomers? | Amino acids and nucleic Acids |
| emergent properties | quality that appears as biological complexity increases. not unique to life |
| Levels | biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organisms, organ systems, organs, tissue, cells, orgnelles, molecules, and atoms. |
| eukaryotic cells | plants and animals. nucleus, cytoplasm. |
| prokaryotic cell | DNA not enclosed by nucleus |
| negative feedback | most common- accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. |
| positive feedback | end product SPEEDS UP its production ex: bloodclot. |
| 3 domains of a kingdom | Bacteria(prokaryotic), Archaea(prokaryotic), and Eukarya(Kingdom plantae, fungi, animalia). |
| ingestion | first stage of food processin is the act of eating and can be done in many liquid and solid forms occurs in the oral cavity. |
| digestion | 2nd stage of food processing, food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb( from macromolecules to monomers). |
| 2 types of digestion: | mechanical(physical)- chew food && increases surface area. chemical(enzymatic hydrolysis)-Saliva initiates chemical digestion and protect oral cavity. |
| amylase | an enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starche and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and disaccharide maltose. |
| absorption | 3rd stage the animals's cells take up(absorb) small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars. |
| elimination | completes process as undigested material passes out of the digestive system. |
| enzymatic hydrolysis | the splitting process where chemical digestion by enzymes breaks bonds w/ the addition of water. |
| lysosomes | organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes. |
| alimentary canal | a digestive tract extending btwn 2 openings a mouth and an anus. |
| peristalsis | alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal that push food along the alimentary canal(moves food in defined direction && allows the process and digestion of food while laying down.) |
| sphincters | @ junction btwn specialized compartments are ring-like valves that act lik drawstrings to close off the alimentary canal~ regulate passage btwn compartments (stop & start sites). |
| oral cavity | mouth: where ingestion and initial stages of digestion occur. |
| salivary glands | deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity |
| pharynx | throat way opens to the esophagus and the trachea(windpipes). |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea by coverin the glottis: the vocal cord and the opening btwn them. |
| gastic juice | a digestive fluid tht the stomach secretes. mixed with food in a churning action<--called CHYME. pepsin positive feedback. |
| smooth muscle | functions in alternating waves of contraction and relaxation ~lines the canal. |
| duodenum | 1st 25 cm of the small intestine here is where chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gall bladder, as well as gland cells and intestinal wall (digestion). |
| bile salts | in bule, act as detergents(emulsifiers)that aid in digestion and absorption of lipids |
| emulsification | the act of detergents dissolving lipids |
| gall bladder | where bile is stored and concentrated |
| villi | finger lik projections in the large folds in the lining of the small intestine |
| microvilli | microscopic appendages on the apical(peak) surface of the villi. |
| brush border | brush-like appearance given to the intestinal epithelium by the many side-by-side micrvilli. |
| chlymicrons | water soluble globules formed by fats coated w/ phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. **fatty transport** |
| lacteal | vessel at the core of each villis part of vertebrate lymphatic system-network w/ vessels w/ clear fluid calld lymph. **sugar transport** |
| hepatic portal vein | a blood vessel that leads directly to the liver. This allows amino acids and gluocse absorbed from the intestines to be delivered first to the liver for processing before being transported throughout the circulatory system. |
| colon | 1.5m long area of the T which leads to the rectum and anus. |
| protein | group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, n usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids |
| pancreas | a gland, near the stomach, that secretes digestive fluid int o the intestine thru 1 or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin. |
| liver | 1st to check what comes in. large, reddish brown, glandular organ located in upper right side of abdominal cavity, divided by fissures int o 5 lobes and functioning in the secretion of bile and various metabolic processes. |
| carbs | any group of organic compounds tht includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals |
| essential amino acids | amino acids required by an animal for growth bt cannot be synthesizes by the animal's cells and must be supplied in the diet. must be obtained by food in prefabricated form. |
| jejunum | middle portion of small intestine btwn duodenum and ileum. absorption of nutrients and water. |
| ileum | third and lowest division of small intestine absorption of nutrients and water. |
| lipid | one of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids tht mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| acid chyme | mixture of ingested good and digestive juices. |
| nucleic acid | group of very large polymeric nucleotides tht constitute the genetic makeup of living cells and viruses and that code for the amino acid sequence of proteins. |
| minerals | in nutrition, a simple nutrient tht is inorganic and therefore cannot be synthesized. |
| vitamin | an organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts . serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes. |
| mycorrhizae(plural) | mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus. mycorrhizae help the plant to absorb nutrients by increasing root hair SA. The plant gives myc. sugar. |
| caecum | the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens |
| urethra | tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body; in males, tube through which semen is released from the body |
| ureter | either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| kidneys | either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine |
| spleen | a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm |
| diaphragm | Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing |
| urinary bladder | a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine |
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kitkatbabe1213
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