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Chapter 6, 7, 8vocab
honors biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Activation energy | The energy “push” in chemical reactions, the energy needed for the reaction |
| Active site | The location on an enzyme where the substrate enters |
| Adenosine Diphosphate ADP | What ATP is converted to when the last phosphate group is broken off, less energy |
| Adenosine Triphosphate ATP | The most common energy molecule in cells, has a high energy bond |
| Allosteric regulation | The regulation of an enzyme, and activator/inhibitor (regulatory molecule) binds to a site other than the active site |
| Catalyst | Molecules that speed up the rate of reaction |
| Chemical Reaction | The process that forms or breaks the chemical bonds that hold atoms together |
| Coenzyme | Small non-protein helper molecules that some enzymes require |
| Competitive Inhibition | A molecule actively blocks the substrate from entering the active site |
| Coupled reaction | An exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction |
| Electron carrier | A molecule that can hold an electron of another molecule |
| Endergonic | Reaction requiring an input of energy |
| Energy | The capacity to do work |
| Energy-carrier molecule | Work like rechargeable batteries, ex-ATP |
| entropy | The concurrent increase in randomness, disorder, and less useful energy |
| enzyme | Biological catalysts, composed primarily of protein and synthesized by living organisms |
| exergonic | A reaction with the release of energy |
| Feedback inhibition | One important type of allosteric regulation. Type of negative feedback that causes a metabolic pathway to stop producing a product when quantities reach a desired level. |
| First law of thermodynamics | States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary process |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of movement |
| Laws of thermodynamics | Laws of thermodynamics describe the quantity and the quality of energy |
| Metabolic pathway | Many reactions are linked in sequences called metabolic pathways |
| metabolism | The metabolism of a cell is the sum of all its chemical reactions |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| product | Chemical reactions convert one set of chemical substances into another set, the products. |
| reactant | Chemical reactions convert one set of chemical substances into another set, the products. |
| Second law of thermodynamics | When energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases |
| substrate | Each enzyme has a “pocket,” called the active site, into which one or more reactant molecules, called substrates. |
| C3 cycle | Cyclic series of reactions where where carbon dioxide turns into carbohydrates during light-independent reactions |
| C4 Pathway | Series of reactions in certain plants that fixes carbon dioxide into oxaloacetic acid |
| Calvin-Benson Cycle | A lateral meristem, parallel to the long axis of roots and stems that causes growth |
| Carbon fixation | First step of C3 where carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose bispohrate |
| Carotenoids | A red/orange pigment found in chloroplasts that serves as a light-gathering molecule in thylakoid photosystems |
| Chemiosmosis | Process of ATP generation in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Moves electrons down the concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis |
| Chlorophyll | Pigment found in chloroplasts that makes the plant a green color. |
| Electron transport chain (ETC) | A series of electron carrier molecules, found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and the inner membrane of mitochondria, that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules. |
| Light-dependent reactions | First stage of photosynthesis where energy of light is captured by ATP and NADPH |
| Light-independent reactions | Second stage of photosynthesis where energy is used to fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates |
| Photon | Smallest unit of light energy |
| Photorespiration | Reactions where O2 replaces CO2 during the C3 cycle |
| Photosynthesis | The process where light, water, and sunlight, is converted to produce glucose and oxygen by plants. |
| Photosystems | A light harvesting process in thylakoid membranes |
| Reaction center | The chlorophyll molecule to which light energy is transferred by antenna molecules during light-harvesting |
| Stomata | Adjustable pores in the epidermis of a plant |
| Stroma | Semi-fluid materials in the chloroplast where the grana is embedded |
| Thylakoid | Disk shaped membranes inside the chloroplasts that contain ATP used for photosynthesis |
| Cellular Respiration | A series of reactions that occur under aerobic conditions and produce a large quantity of ATP while breaking down the pyruvate generated by glycolysis into carbon dioxide into water. |
| Chemiosmosis | The process by which a gradient of hydrogen ions is produced and then allowed to run down, capturing energy in the bonds of ATP molecules. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Where high energy electrons are deposited. Energetic electrons move from molecule to molecule along the chain, losing small amounts of energy at each transfer. |
| Fermentation | When under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol. Fermentation does not produce a lot of ATP, but is necessary to recharge the high energy electron carrier molecule NAD+. |
| Glycolysis | The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. |
| Intermembrane Space | The region between the inner membrane and outer membrane of a mitochondria or a chloroplast. |
| krebs cycle | A series of chemical reactions that occur in most aerobic organisms and are part of aerobic organisms and are part of the process of aerobic cell metabolism. |
| matrix | A central compartment containing the fluid, it is enclosed in the inner membrane |
Created by:
LieshaSewani
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