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Neuro Final
Deck 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Neuroscience? | the study of the nervous system. |
| What is behavioral neuroscience? | the study of the biological bases of psychological processes and behavior. |
| What are the levels of analysis in behavioral neuroscience? | - Social level - Organ level - Neural systems level - Brain region level - Circuit level - Cellular level - Synaptic level - Molecular level |
| What was Aristotle's view of the brain? | it's job was to cool blood; the heart was the seat of mental capacities |
| Which philosopher first thought of the brain as the seat of thoughts and emotions? | Hippocrates |
| What did Galen propose about behavior? | it results from connections between the brain and the body. |
| Who argued that free will and moral choice could not arise from a machine? | Rene Descartes |
| What is Phrenology? | The belief that bumps on the skull result from enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties. |
| What is localization of function? | different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors |
| What does damage to Broca's area do (left side of brain)? | reliably impairs speech production |
| What parts of the brain are involved in the central nervous system? | the brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, and brain stem) and spinal cord |
| What parts of the brain are involved in the peripheral nervous system? | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| What are the goals of neuroscience? | - brain's activity reflected in behavior - computer-assisted imaging techniques - new treatments for nervous system disorders - noninvasive methods - experiments in live tissue |
| What did the Neuron doctrine conclude? | - the brain is composed of independent cells - signal transmitted from cell to cell across gaps (synapses) |
| Who proposed the neuron doctrine? | Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
| What are the four functional zones of all neurons? | - Input zone - Integration - Conduction - Output |
| Where is the input zone and what does it do? | Dendrites receives information from other cells |
| Where is the integration zone and what does it do? | The cell body (soma) integrates the information it receives |
| What is a soma? | cell body |
| Where is the conduction zone and what does it do? | The axon (nerve fiber) conducts output information away from the soma as an electrical impulse. |
| What is a nerve fiber? | axons |
| Where is the output zone and what does it do? | Axon terminals communicate activity to other cells |
| What are the three general types of classifications for neurons? | - Multipolar - Bipolar - Unipolar |
| Describe a multipolar neuron. | one axon, many dendrites; most common |
| Describe a bipolar neuron. | one axon, one dendrite |
| Describe a unipolar neuron. | single extension that branches into two directions, forms an input and output zone |
| Describe motor neurons. | large, long axons stimulate muscles |
| Describe sensory neurons. | various shapes that respond to specific stimuli light, odor, touch |
| Describe interneurons. | tiny axons analyze input from one set of neurons and communicate with others |
| What are the parts of a synapse? | - Presynaptic axon terminal - Mitochondrion - Synaptic vesicles - Presynaptic membrane - Neurotransmitters - Synaptic cleft - Postsynaptic membrane - Dendritic spine |
| What triggers neurotransmitters to release? | electrical activity in the axon (action potentials) |
| Neural plasticity refers to the continual _________ of neuronal connections. | remodeling |
| The cone-shaped area of a soma is an axon hillock. What is its purpose? | converts input into electrical signals (action potentials) that innervate target cells. |
| What is axonal transport? | the bidirectional movement of materials within an axon |
| What is the purpose of Glial cells? | to support the brain |
| Name the 4 types of glial cells. | 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. ependymal cells 4. microglia |
| Describe Astrocytes | fills spaces between neurons for support regulates composition of the extracellular space most numerous in the brain |
| Which glial cell is the most numerous? | astrocytes |
| What is Alexander's disease? | astrocytes fill up with GFAP, then fail |
| Which type of glial cell forms the nodes of Ranvier on axons? | oligodendrocytes |
| Oligodendrocyte injury from autoimmune attacks cause ______. | Multiple sclerosis |
| What are microglia? | phagocytes that clean up debris from dying neurons and glia |
| What do ependymal cells do? | line ventricles and secrete/absorb cerebral spinal fluid |
| What do motor nerves do with information? | transmit from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands |
| What do sensory nerves convey information to? | to the CNS |
| The _________ nervous system connects the brain, major muscles and sensory systems; the _________ nervous systems connects to the internal organs (viscera). | somatic; autonomic |
| What two groups make up the somatic nervous system? | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| What are the 3 cranial nerves that are exclusively sensory? | - Olfactory (I) ~ smell - Optic (II) ~ vision - Vestibulocochlear (VIII) ~ hearing and balance |
| What are the 5 cranial nerves that make up motor pathways from the brain? | - Oculomotor (III) ~ eye movement - Trochlear (IV) ~ eye movement - Abducens (VI) ~ eye movement - Spinal Accessory (XI) ~ neck muscles - Hypoglossal (XII) ~ tongue |
| What are the four cranial nerves involved in both sensory and motor functions? | - Trigeminal (V) ~ facial sensation, chewing muscles - Facial (VII) ~ taste sensation, facial muscles - Glossopharyngeal (IX) ~ throat sensation, throat muscles - Vagus (X) ~ innervates the heart, liver, and intestines |
| What are the 5 segments of spinal nerves? | 1. cervical (neck) 2. Thoracic (trunk) 3. Lumbar (lower back) 4. Sacral (pelvic) 5. Coccygeal (bottom) |
| Name the 3 membranes that surround the spinal cord, in order (PAD) | Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater |
| Preganglionic neurons stem from the ________ to ______________. | CNS; autonomic ganglia |
| Postganglionic neurons stem from ______________ to _______________ | autonomic ganglia; targets in the body |
| What prepares the body for action (fight or flight)? | Sympathetic activation |
| What allows the body to rest and digest? | Parasympathetic activation |
| Why do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have different effects on organs? | they react to different neurotransmitters. |
| When neural information is carried INTO a region of interest (sensory) it's considered....? | Afferent |
| When neural information carries impulses AWAY FROM a region of interest (motor) it's considered...? | Efferent |
| What is is the outermost layer of the brain? | cerebral cortex |
| What's the difference between gyri and sulci? | Gyri are raised, sulci are indentions |
| The boundary separating the temporal lobe | Sylvian fissure |
| Division between the frontal and parietal lobe | Central Sulcus |
| What is the postcentral gyrus important for? | touch |
| What is the precentral gyrus important for? | motor control |
| What is white matter made up of? | axon bundles; it's white due to myelin sheaths (fatty tissue) |
| What is gray matter composed of? | cell bodies |
| In the development of an embryo, what are the three subdivisions of the neural tube? | - forebrain - midbrain - hindbrain |
| The limbic system includes structure important for _________. | emotion and learning |
| List the 4 parts of the limbic system and their main functions. | 1. Amygdala - emotional regulation, perception of odor, memory (fear) 2. hippocampus and fornix - learning +memory 3. Cingulate Gyrus - attention 4. Olfactory bulb - sense of smell |
| What is considered to be our 'first brain' in human evolution? | Diencephalon. Powers reflexive control of our behavior |
| _______________ is important for visual processing; _____________ is important for auditory processing. | superior colliculi; inferior colliculi |
| The cerebellum is crucial for... ? | motor coordination and control |
| Meningitis is? | an acute infection of the meninges |
| What are ventricles filled with? | Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) |
| What causes and stroke and what are it's main warning signs? | caused by a rupture or blockage of blood vessels = insufficient oxygen supply -numbness/weakness - altered vision - dizziness - severe headache - confusion or difficulty speaking |
Created by:
Alyssanne21
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