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Bio chapter 5
Cell Division
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What all living things are made of: | Cells |
| What cells need to do in order to reproduce, grow and repair themselves: | Divide |
| Differentiation | A cell develops to form specialized funtions. |
| Which is better? A bunch of small cells or a large cell? | A bunch of small cells is better since it has more surface area for molecules to go through the membrane. Because of this, cells do not get very big. |
| Cell Division | A cell dividing into two cells |
| 3 essential life process cell division accounts for: | Growth; Repair; Reproduction |
| Growth | An organism increases in size as a result of cell division. |
| Repair | Crucial to repairing cell tissues |
| Reproduction | the process by which cell division creates new organisms |
| 2 types of reproduction: | Asexual; Sexual |
| Asexual Reproduction | The process when an offspring is produced by one parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | Reproduction producing offspring that have a combination of genetic material from 2 parent organisms. |
| 2 stages of Cell Division: | Interphase; Division |
| Interphase | The cells are producing all the material needed for growth and preparing for cell division. Accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
| 3 phases of Interphase: | G1; S; G2 |
| G1 phase | Stands for "gap". The cell grows and develops |
| S phase | Stands for "synthesis". DNA/Chromosomes replicate. |
| G2 phase | The cell forms organelles and other materials for the new cell. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the nucleus and holds all of the genetic information for an organism |
| Chromatin | A thin, fibrous form of DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome in nucleus |
| Chromosomes | DNA with proteins |
| The form of DNA most of the time in the nucleus: | Unwound; spaghetti-like |
| What happens to DNA during S phase? | During the S phase, each chromosome is replicated. Chromatin is formed into chromatids which are short, thick chromosome strands. The chromatids are called sister chromatids and pair together. |
| Centromere | The point where sister chromatids are joined |
| 2 steps of Division | Mitosis; Cytokinesis |
| Mitosis | Forms 2 new nuclei in preparation for 2 new daughter cells |
| 4 phases in mitosis: | Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase |
| Prophase (Mitosis) | Proteins assemble into spindle fibers and attach to the centromeres; Nuclear envelope disintegrates |
| Metaphase (Mitosis) | The chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell where they line up an equal distance from the ends of the cell. |
| Anaphase (Mitosis) | The centromere divides and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase (Mitosis) | 2 daughter nuclei are formed around each set of chromosomes; The chromosomes uncoil to form a loose mass of chromatin; the spindle fibers will disassemble |
| Cytokinesis | The cytoplasm divides and the cell splits into two. |
| Meiosis | A type of cell division that creates gametes |
| Haploid | Only 1 set of chromosomes, 23 (n) |
| Diploid | 2 sets of chromosomes, 46 (2n) |
| 2 types of cells in the body: | Somatic cells; Reproductive cells (Gametes) |
| Somatic cells | Most body cells; has Mitosis |
| Gametes | egg and sperm cells; has Meiosis |
| Why do Gametes have only 23 chromosomes? | So that when sperm and egg cells fuse together, the new cell will have 46 chromosomes, not 92. |
| Prophase 1 (Meiosis) | The chromosomes pair up in their homologous pairs and do crossing over. Spindle fibers start forming and nucleus disintegrates. |
| Homologous pairs | 2 chromosomes that are about the same size and have the same kind of genes (ex: gene for eye color) in the same place. |
| Crossing Over | A process in which homologous chromosomes exchange DNA. |
| Metaphase 1 (Meiosis) | The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres and line the homologous pairs up in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase 1 (Meiosis) | The spindle fibers pull the homologous pairs apart, bringing the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase 1 (Meiosis) | 2 new nuclei form around the chromosomes. |
| Prophase 2 (Meiosis) | The chromosomes form, the nucleus disintegrates, and the spindle fibers start to form. |
| Metaphase 2 (Meiosis) | The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres and line up the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase 2 (Meiosis) | The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase 2 (Meiosis) | 2 new nuclei form in each daughter cell. |
| Amount of chromosomes in each cell after Meiosis: | 23 chromosomes |
| Amount of daughter cells after Meiosis: | 4 daughter cells |
| Amount of daughter cells after Mitosis: | 2 daughter cells |
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