Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Chapter 16
Gene Expression part 2 (16.5-16.7)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the post-transcriptional modification? | The process that happens after transcription of an RNA molecule, but before it is translated into a protein. |
| What are introns? | Non-protein-coding intervening sequences that are removed from mRNA prior to translation. |
| What are exons? | Regions of RNA that code for protein. |
| What splices introns from the exons? | Spliceosomes. These are ribonucleoprotein complexes that recognize the ends of an intron, cut the transcript there, and bring the exons together. |
| What is alternative RNA splicing? | A mechanism allowing different proteins to be made from one gene when different combos of exons are created to form mRNA. |
| What are the 5 basic modes of alternative splicing? | Exon skipping, mutually exclusive exons, alternative 5' donor sites, alternative 3' acceptor sites, and intron retention. |
| What are the two "caps" the mRNA has once it leaves the nucleus? | The 5' cap (made of methylated guanosine triphosphate/GTP) and the poly-A tail (long chain of adenine nucleotides). These protect mRNA from exonucleases |
| What does RNA stability mean? | It refers to the lifespan/rate of decay of an RNA strand. |
| What is an RNA-binding protein (RBP)? | Proteins that bind to the 3' or 5' UTR to increase/decrease the RNA stability. |
| What is a UTR? | Stands for untranslated regions. These are parts of RNA that can't be translated into proteins. They regulate mRNA localization, stability, and protein translation. |
| What is the 5' UTR? | The region just before the protein coding area. |
| What is the 3' UTR? | The region after the coding area. |
| What are microRNAs (miRNAs)? | Short RNA molecules that are only 21-24 nucleotides in length, that bind to RNA molecules and degrade them. |
| What is a Dicer? | An enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA (long) into the mature form of the miRNA (short). |
| What is an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)? | A protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it. |
| When is the RNA translated into protein? | When it is transported into the cytoplasm |
| What is the translation initiation complex? | The thing that assembles to start the process of translation. |
| What is the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)? | A protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation. |
| What happens when the eIF-2 is phosphorylated? | It cannot bind to the GTP and the initiation complex cannot form and translation is stopped. |
| What does an ubiquitin group do to a protein? | It marks it for degradation. |
| What is a proteasome? | An organelle that removes proteins marked with ubiquitin. It recycles them and excretes their amino acids. |
| What is myc? | An oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells. |
| Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level? | Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational. |
| Post-translational control refers to ___________ | Regulation of gene expression after translation. |
| How does the regulation of gene expression support continued evolution of more complex organisms? | Because cells can become specialized within a multicellular organism and they conserve energy and resources. |
| If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac operon will be _______ | repressed. |
| Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are _______ | transcribed and translated almost simultaneously and transcriptionally controlled because translation begins before transcription ends. |
| The ara operon is an inducible operon controling the production of the sugar arabinose. When arabinose is present in a bacterium it binds to ther protein AraC and the complex binds to the initiator site to promote transcription. In this scenario, AraC is | activator. |
| What are the epigenic modification? | The addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA. |
| Which of the following are true of epigenetic changes? A) allow DNA to be transcribed B) move histones to open or close a chromosomal region C) are temporary D) all of the above | All of the above. |
| The binding of ________ is required for transcription to start. | An RNA polymerase. |
| What will result from the binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer region? | Increased transcription of a distant gene. |
| Which of the follow are involved in post-transcriptional control? A) control of RNA splicing B) control of RNA shuttling C) control of RNA stability D) all of the above. | All of the above. |
| Binding of an RNA binding protein will _______ the stability of the RNA molecule. | either increase or decrease |
| Post-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following? A) Protein function B) transcriptional regulation C) chromatin modification D) all of the above. | Protein function |
| A scientist mutates eIF-2 to eliminate its GTP hydrolysis capability. How would this alter translation? | The large ribosomal subunit would not be able to interact with mRNA transcripts. |
| Cancer-causing genes are called_________ | oncogenes. |
Created by:
tali_Alley
Popular Biology sets