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Biology EOC
Review Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Major source of energy, includes starches and sugars, CHO |
| Lipids | Water-insoluble, stored energy and insulation, fats and oils, CHO, |
| Proteins | Made up of chains of amino acids, contains nitrogen, are enzymes hormones and antibodies |
| Nucleic Acids | Direct the instruction of proteins, store genetic information and is made of nucleotides |
| Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| Mitochondria | site of respiration |
| Nucleus | contains DNA and controls cell activities |
| Ribosome | produce proteins |
| Vacuole | storage |
| cell (plasma) membrane | phospholipid bilayer that controls transport and maintains homeostasis |
| cell wall | rigid second layer in plant cells made of cellulose |
| cytoplasm | fluid-like substance that holds organelles |
| Golgi Body | packet, distribute products |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | modifies and transports proteins (rough) and produces lipids (smooth) |
| Centrioles | appears in cell division and produces spindle fibers to move chromosomes |
| Cilia | hairlike projections used for movement |
| Flagella | tail-like project used for movement |
| Unicellular | organism that exists as a singular, independent cell |
| Multicellular | Organism that exists as a specialized group of cells; cells are organized into tissues-organs-organ systems |
| Prokaryote | no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, bacteria |
| Eukaryotic | nucleus and membrane bound organelles, all other life |
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Similarities | Both of these types of cells have ribosomes, cytoplasm, genetic material and a membrane |
| Red Blood Cell | Specialized cell used to carry oxygen in the blood, looks like a round disc |
| Nerve cell or Neuron | Specialized cell used to transmit electrical impulses in the body, looks like a long tree with branch points |
| Sperm Cell | Specialized cell used to carry genetic material to fertilize an egg cell, shaped with one big flagella for movement |
| Cell Theory | Cell is the basic unit of life, composed of cells, and come from pre-existing cells |
| Cell Differentiation | How cells from the same organism become different cells and perform different jobs |
| Gene Activation | How cells become specialized or differentiate |
| Passive Transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of energy, moves with the concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane with the use of energy, moves against the concentration gradient |
| Diffusion | movement of substances across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | a carrier protein embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance across the plasma membrane following the concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | large particles are brought into the cell |
| Exocytosis | large particles leave the cell |
| Homeostasis | internal equilibrium; the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Hypotonic solution | Water moves in; cell bursts |
| Hypertonic solution | Water moves out; cell shrinks |
| Isotonic | no net movement; cell maintains equilbrium |
| Sweating | Regulating body temperature when you get too hot |
| Shiver/Cold Chills | Regulating body temperature when you get too cold |
| Cell Respiration | food molecules are converted into energy |
| Anaerobic respiration | No oxygen used, occurs in the cytoplasm; makes 2 ATP, seems like an adaptation for organisms that live in environments that lack oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | Oxygen used, occurs in the mitochondria, makes 36 ATP |
| Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy | Cell Respiration Word Equation |
| Photosynthesis | plants capture energy from the sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates) |
| Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen | Photosynthesis Word Equation |
| Chemosynthesis | organisms use chemicals like sulfur and nitrogen as the main energy source to make food |
| ATP | Molecule that stores and releases energy in its bonds when the cells need it by removing a phosphate group |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | when cells are not provided with oxygen, glucose is broken down and produces 2 ATP and alcohol |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | when cells are not provided with oxygen, glucose is broken down and produces 2 ATP and lactic acid |
| Enzymes | Special proteins that regulate and speed up nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell by lowering the activation energy needed |
| Factors that affect enzymes | pH, temperature, and quantity |
| Two main facts about enzyme structure | Shape specific to their substrate and can be re-used |
| Substrate | The substance an enzyme bonds to and changes into products |
| Nucleotides are composed of | phosphate group, nitrogen base, and sugar |
| DNA Structure | Double-stranded, double helix |
| DNA Nitrogen Bases | A, T, C, G |
| DNA Location | Nucleus only |
| Hydrogen Bond | Bond holding together the two strands of DNA |
| Genes | Tiny segments of DNA that code for a protein |
| DNA Replication | DNA unravels and each new strand makes a new exact copy of DNA so that when mitosis takes place, each cell has the exact copy of DNA |
| RNA Structure | single stranded |
| RNA Nitrogen Bases | A, U, C, G |
| RNA Location | Can leave the nucleus |
| DNA Sugar | Deoxyribose |
| RNA Sugar | Ribose Sugar |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA |
| mRNA | messenger RNA, carries a copy of the instructions to make a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, delivers amino acids to the ribosomes to build the protein in the sequence instructed |
| Transcription | mRNA is made from 1 strand of DNA, carries message to ribosome |
| Translation | mRNA translated into a protein at the ribosome; tRNA transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes |
| Asexual Reproduction | a single parent produces 1 or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells |
| Asexual Reproduction | produces a large number of offspring |
| Asexual Reproduction | common in unicellular organisms in stable environments |
| Types of Asexual Reproduction | budding, binary fission, conjugation, mitosis |
| Sexual Reproduction | pattern of reproduction that involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells |
| Sexual Reproduction | results in genetic variation |
| Sexual Reproduction | common in multicellular organisms and is good for changing environments |
| Type of Sexual Reproduction | Meiosis |
| Interphase | Phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows, does it's job, and replicates DNA |
| M Phase | Phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides, PMAT |
| Cytokinesis | Part of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides officially separating the daughter cells |
| Mitosis | produces identical daughter cells |
| Mitosis | produces 2 daughter cells |
| Mitosis | produces cells with the same number of chromosomes with the only genetic differences potentially coming from a random mutaiton |
| Mitosis | body cells go through PMAT |
| Meiosis | produces genetically different daughter cells |
| Meiosis | produces 4 daughter cells |
| Meiosis | produces cells with half the number of chromosomes with the genetic differences coming from: crossing over, independent assortment, nondisjunction, and mutations |
| Gametes | Sex cells: sperm or egg |
| Somatic | Body Cells |
| Human Diploid Number | 46 |
| Human Haploid Number | 23 |
| Trait | characteristic an individual receives from its parents |
| Gene | Carries instructions responsible for expression of traits; a pair of inherited genes control a trait |
| Allele | A different form of a trait, one is inherited from each parent |
| Homozygous | two alleles of a pair are identical (AA or aa) |
| Heterozygous | two alleles of a pair are different (Aa) |
| Dominant | controlling allele; designated with a capital letter; only need one of these alleles to see the trait |
| Recessive | hidden allele; designated with a lowercase letter; need two alleles to see the trait |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | physical appearance of an organism |
| Karyotype | chart of chromosomes to study chromosome number/diseases |
| Test Cross | Mating of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype; can help to determine the unknown genotype of the parent |
| Sex Chromosomes | 23rd pair of chromosomes, males= XY and females= XX |
| Sex-Linked Traits | colorblindness, baldness, hemophilia |
| Multiple Alleles | presence of more than two alleles for a trait (human blood type) |
| Polygenic Inheritance | one trait controlled by many genes (hair color, eye color, height) |
| Incomplete Dominance | phenotype of a heterozygote is a blend between the two homozygous parents (red x white = pink hetero) |
| Codominance | phenotype of a heterozygote shows both traits from the two homozygous parents (red x white= red/white spots hetero) |
| Crossing Over | genes from 1 homologous chromosome exchanges genes with another |
| Nondisjunction | occurs during meiosis when chromosomes fail to separate properly, creates too many or too few chromosomes (Down's syndrome) |
| Down's Syndrome | Trisomy 21, 3 chromosomes on the 21st pair |
| Genetic Variation | influenced by crossing over, mutations, random assortment of genes, natural selection, and genetic engineering |
| Environment Factors | This can influence gene expression, such as when twins are separated at birth and are different sizes or flowers changing color because of soil type |
| Law of Segregation | gene pairs separate when gametes are formed |
| Law of Independent Assortment | different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed |
| Mutations | Change in genetic code, these can be transmitted to offspring if it occurs in sex or germ cells |
| Gene Mutation | change in a single gene |
| Chromosome Mutation | change in many genes |
| Mutagen | things that can cause mutations, radiation, chemicals, etc.. |
| Prophase | chromosomes and centrioles appear, and nuclear membrane disappears |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up on the middle |
| Anaphase | chromosomes are pulled apart |
| Telophase | chromosomes are in two separate nuclei |
| Crossing 2 heterozygotes | Results in a 1:2:1 genotype and a 3 dom:1 rec phenotype |
| Transgenic Organism | Created by recombinant DNA technology. When genes are inserted from one organism into another (typically bacteria) to help produce medicine like insulin or treat the environment like oil eating bacteria |
| DNA Fingerprinting | Used by scientists and doctors to identify individuals by reading a gel electrophoresis. Can identity children by looking at parent's DNA, crime scene investigations, compare relatedness of organisms |
| Biogenesis | idea that living organisms came only from other living organisms |
| Spontaneous Generation | mistaken ideas that life can arise from nonliving materials, also called abiogenesis. Redi tested with maggots and meat in a jar |
| Protocell | large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities; may have arisen through organic evolution |
| Charles Darwin | Father of evolution, proposed the theory of evolution by the means of natural selection |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics, studied pea plants and came up with the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment |
| Watson and Crick | Discovered the shape of DNA |
| Natural Selection | process by which organisms that are best suited to their environment survive and pass on genetic traits to offspring |
| Evolution | Change of organisms over time |
| Adaptation | organisms with the most suited traits will survive |
| Microevolution | evolution that occurs within the species level; results from genetic variation and natural selection. Antibiotic and Pesticide resistance are examples |
| Macroevolution | evolution that occurs between different species; focuses on how groups of organisms change |
| Convergent Evolution | two species evolve similiarly |
| Divergent Evolution | a group of species evolve differently |
| Adaptative Radiation | a group of species adapt separately to environments |
| Speciation | the formation of a new species |
| Geographic Isolation | physical barrier divides a population, results in individuals that cannot mate, leads to a new species |
| Reproductive Isolation | genetic mutation or behavioral change preventing mating |
| Genetic Drift | A change in a population's genes, mostly occurs in small populations |
| Evidence of Evolution | Fossils, biochemistry (DNA and proteins), embryology, anatomical (homology, analogous, vestigial structures), geographical |
| Fossils | fossil record provides a series of changes that occured over time; comparison of anatomical characteristics reveals shared ancestry |
| Biochemical Evidence | when gene or protein sequences from organisms are arranged, species thought to be closely related based on fossil evidence are seen to be more similar than species thought to be distantly related |
| Embryology | embryos of different vertebrates look alike in their early stages, indicating common ancestry |
| Classification | process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different |
| Taxonomy | branch of biology that studies grouping and naming of organisms |
| 1st classification system | Based on physical characteristics, plants and animals |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Genus species naming system |
| Archaebacteria, bacteria, protists, plants, animals, and fungi | Six Kingdoms |
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species | Levels of Classification (large to small) |
| Dichotomous key | A tool used to identify organisms using pairs of contrasting characteristics |
| Animal Characteristics | Euk, multicellular, heterotrophic, aerobic respiration, invertebrates and vertebrates, body symmetry |
| Plant Characteristics | Euk, multicellular, autotrophic, aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, cell wall, vascular system, pollination |
| Mosses | Plants without vascular systems, nonvascular |
| Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms | Plants with vascular systems |
| Vascular Tissue | Plants: Xylem-water and Phloem-food Animals-arteries and veins |
| Fungi Characteristics | Euk, uni and multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposers, aerobic and anaerobic (yeast), mushroom |
| Protist Characteristics | Euk, uni/multicellular, plant like (algae/kelp), animal like (protozoa and amoeba), fungi-like (slime mold) |
| Eubacteria Characteristics | Prok, unicellular, anaerobic and aerobic, photosynthetic, classified by shape, binary fission, can become resistant to antibiotics because of random mutations |
| Archaebacteria Characteristics | Prok, unicellular, chemosynthesis, extremophiles, deep ocean vents |
| Viruses | Nonliving, composed of nucleic acid and protein coat, infect host cells either through the lytic(short) or lysogenic (longer) cycles, use vaccines to help treat |
| Gymnosperm | Plant with a vascular system, cone producing, conifers (evergreens) |
| Angiosperm | Plant with a vascular system, flower producing (corn, apple tree, hydrangea) |
| Plant Adaptations | seeds, pollen, fruit, flowers, vascular tissue |
| Types of Invertebrate Animals | Sponges, Cnidarians (jellyfish), flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms (earthworms), mollusks (clams), arthropods (insects and crabs), echinoderms (starfish) |
| Types of Vertebrate Animals | Jawless fish (lampreys), cartilaginous fish (sharks), Bony fish (bass), Amphibians (frogs), Reptiles (snakes), birds, mammals |
| Infectious Organisms | Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites |
| Lines of immune defense | 1st line-physical barriers like skin 2nd line-blood and fever 3rd line- immune response |
| Immune Response | immune system responds producing substances that attack invaders (killer T cells, phagocytes) and the immune system produces antibodies that attach to and immobilize the invader to kill it |
| Natural Immunity | created by body's natural physical barriers or in the form of antibodies passed from mother to child |
| Acquired Immunity | created by exposure to a specific microorganism, which is "remembered" by the body's immune system |
| Antibiotics | organic substances synthesized by microorganisms or at a lab used to treat infectious diseases or to prevent them, however some bacteria can become resistant |
| Antibiotic resistance | some bacteria have had random mutations that have become resistant to certain antibiotics |
| Behavior | Animal's response to a stimulus |
| innate behavior | instinct, influenced by genes, ex: bird defending its nest, moths traveling to light at night |
| learned behavior | changed by experience, ex: training a pet |
| social behavior | interactions between members of the same population, ex: mating calls, caring for offspring |
| territorial behavior | organisms defend an area to keep out other organisms, ex: animal marking trees) |
| taxis | movement to/away a stimulus; phototaxis, chemotaxis |
| Circadian rhythm | 24 hour cycle in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria |
| Mimicry | structural adaptation that allows one species to resemble another species; may provide protection from predators |
| Camouflage | structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings; allows a species to avoid detection |
| Migration | instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place |
| Emigration | movement of individuals from a population; leaving the population |
| Immigration | movement of individuals into a population |
| Hibernation | state of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep during parts of cold winter months |
| Estivation | state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living conditions of intense heat |
| Geotropism | plant response to gravity, roots have positive geotropism and stems have negative |
| Phototropism | response to light, plants grow towards light |
| Hydrotropism | response to water (roots) |
| Thigmotropism | response to touch (venus fly trap) |
| Chemotropism | response to chemicals |
| Producers | autotrophs, use sun's energy to maker their own food |
| Consumers | heterotrophs, cannot make their own food, eat other living things to get their energy |
| Species | group of organisms that can interbreed |
| Community | groups of interacting populations |
| Population | units of single species |
| Ecosystem | groups of interacting communitites |
| Habitat | place where an organism lives |
| Niche | organism's role within its habitat |
| Herbivore | eats plants (deer) |
| Carnivore | Eat other animals (lion) |
| Omnivore | Eats plants and animals (humans) |
| Decomposer | break down dead organisms (bacteria and fungi) |
| Detrivore | consumes dead organisms (vulture) |
| symbiosis | permanent, close association between one or more organisms of a different species |
| mutualism | a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit (acacia tree provides nectar to ants) |
| commensalism | a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited (spanish moss hanging from trees) |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another, usually another species (tapeworms live in intestines) |
| food chain | path of energy from producer to consumer, 10% energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next |
| food web | interconnected food chains, shows all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community |
| ecological pyramid | represents energy transfer |
| Biotic Factors | living factors in an ecosystem |
| Abiotic Factors | Nonliving factors in an ecosystem |
| Limiting Factors | any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
| biodiversity | variety of life in an area; usually measured as the number of species that live in an area |
| endangered species | number of individuals in the species falls so low that extinction is possible |
| extinction | disappearance of as species when the last of its members die |
| Water cycle | water is recycled through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and groundwater |
| Nitrogen cycle | bacteria in the soil takes unusable atmospheric nitrogen and converts it into a usable form in which producers take in nitrogen compounds in soil and pass to consumers that consume the producers |
| Carbon Cycle | carbon is recycled through respiration, photosynthesis, fuel combustion, decomposition |
| Exponential Growth | population growth with unlimited resources and space |
| Logistical Growth | population that grows until carrying capacity has been reached because of some type of limiting factor (space, food, etc) |
| World Population Growth Prediction | Exponential growth for people, but it is an issue because we are reducing our natural resources |
| Leading cause of ozone depletion | Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) |
| Result of urbanization | loss of habitat is the number one issue, also leads to increased pollution |
| Importance of crop rotation | Helps keep nutrients into the soil and maintain soil quality |
| Factors that increase a population size | High Birthrate and a Low Death Rate, increased medicine/technology, High Immigration (in) and low emigration (out) |
| Primary succession | colonization of barren land by pioneer organisms (soil must be developed) |
| Secondary succession | sequence of changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions (soil already present) |
| Impact of humans on the environment | overhunting, urban development, air pollution (smog, acid rain), water pollution(sewers, farms) , land pollution (landfills runoff) |
| Conservation efforts | conserve energy, control pollution, car pool, protect habitats and overhunting, recycle |
| Global warming | increased global average temperature because of trapped sun because of greenhouse gases |
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