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Ch. 20 key terms

phylogenies

TermDefinition
Analogy (also, homoplasy) characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution, not due to the same evolutionary path
binomial nomenclature system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names
branch point node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones
cladistics system to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies
class division of phylum in the taxonomic classification system
eukaryote-first hypothesis proposal that prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes
family division of order in the taxonomic classification system
gene transfer agent (GTA) bacteriophage-like particle that transfers random genomic segments from one species of prokaryote to another
genome fusion fusion of two prokaryotic genomes, presumably by endosymbiosis
genus division of family in the taxonomic classification system; the first part of the binomial scientific name
homology similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (also, lateral gene transfer) transfer of genes between unrelated species
kingdom domain division in the taxonomic classification system
mitochondria-first hypothesis proposal that prokaryotes acquired a mitochondrion first, followed by nuclear development
nucleus-first hypothesis proposal that prokaryotes acquired a nucleus first, and then the mitochondrion
order class division in the taxonomic classification system
phylogenetic tree diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms
phylogeny evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms
phylum (plural: phyla) kingdom division in the taxonomic classification system
ring of life phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes
shared ancestral character describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that all organisms on the tree share
shared derived character describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that only a certain clade of organisms share
systematics field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships
taxon (plural: taxa) single level in the taxonomic classification system
Taxonomy science of classifying organisms
web of life phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution
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