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Ch. 19 key terms

population evolution

TermDefinition
adaptive evolution increase in frequency of beneficial alleles and decrease in deleterious alleles due to selection
allele frequency (also, gene frequency) rate at which a specific allele appears within a population
assortative mating when individuals tend to mate with those who are phenotypically similar to themselves
bottleneck effect magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes
cline gradual geographic variation across an ecological gradient
directional selection selection that favors phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation
diversifying selection selection that favors two or more distinct phenotypes
evolutionary fitness (also, Darwinian fitness) individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
founder effect event that initiates an allele frequency change in part of the population, which is not typical of the original population
gene flow flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the individual or gamete migration
gene pool all the alleles that the individuals in the population carry
genetic drift effect of chance on a population’s gene pool
genetic structure distribution of the different possible genotypes in a population
genetic variance diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population
geographical variation differences in the phenotypic variation between populations that are separated geographically
heritability fraction of population variation that can be attributed to its genetic variance
mating of closely related individuals
inbreeding depression increase in abnormalities and disease in inbreeding populations
macroevolution broader scale evolutionary changes that scientists see over paleontological time
microevolution changes in a population’s genetic structure
nonrandom mating changes in a population’s gene pool due to mate choice or other forces that cause individuals to mate with certain phenotypes more than others
population genetics study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time
population variation distribution of phenotypes in a population
relative fitness individual’s ability to survive and reproduce relative to the rest of the population
selective pressure environmental factor that causes one phenotype to be better than another
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