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Ch. 11 key terms

meiosis/ sexual reproduction

TermDefinition
alternation of generations life-cycle type in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate
chiasmata (singular, chiasma) the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged
cohesion proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together at their centromeres until anaphase II of meiosis
crossover exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism
fertilization union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms
gametophyte a multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes
germ cells specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm
life cycle the sequence of events in the development of an organism and the production of cells that produce offspring
meiosis a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells
meiosis I first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid
meiosis II second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid cells
somatic cell all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
spore haploid cell that can produce a haploid multicellular organism or can fuse with another spore to form a diploid cell
sporophyte a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores by meiosis
synapsis formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I
synaptonemal complex protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover
tetrad two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I
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