Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 2 key terms
chemistry for the biology student
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Adhesion | attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
| Anion | negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons |
| Atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element |
| atomic mass | calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes |
| atomic number | total number of protons in an atom |
| balanced chemical equation | statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants |
| base | molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
| buffer | substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
| calorie | amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius |
| capillary action | occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes' sides |
| cation | positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons |
| chemical bond | interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules |
| chemical reaction | process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules |
| chemical reactivity | the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other |
| cohesion | intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension |
| compound | substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements |
| covalent bond | type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
| dissociation | release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH- |
| electrolyte | ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit |
| electron configuration | arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6) |
| electron orbital | how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron |
| electron transfer | movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds |
| element | one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons |
| functional group | group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton |
| geometric isomer | isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond |
| heat of vaporization of water | high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor |
| hydrocarbon | molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules |
| hydrophilic | describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water |
| hydrophobic | describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water |
| inert gas | (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms |
| ion | atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| ionic bond | chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) |
| irreversible chemical reaction | chemical reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products |
| isomers | molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula |
| isotope | one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| molecule | two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
| neutron | uncharged particle that resides in an atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu |
| nonpolar covalent bond | type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them |
| nucleus | core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons |
| octet rule | rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells |
| orbital | region surrounding the nucleus; contains electron(s) |
| organic molecule | any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide) |
| periodic table | organizational chart of elements indicating each element's atomic number and atomic mass; provides key information about the elements' properties |
| pH scale | scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
| polar covalent bond | type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions |
| product | molecule that is result of chemical reaction |
| proton | positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1 |
| radioisotope | isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements |
| reactant | molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction |
| reversible chemical reaction | chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough |
| solvent | substance capable of dissolving another substance |
| specific heat capacity | the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius |
| structural isomers | molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds |
| surface tension | tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules |
| valence shell | outermost shell of an atom |
| van der Waals interaction | very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together |
Created by:
christine.thompson
Popular Biology sets