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Mid-Year Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metric system | a system of measurement based on the number 10 |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| volume | The amount of space an object takes up |
| density | measures how much mass is contained in a given volume |
| observing | using one or more of your senses to gather information |
| quantitative observation | An observation that deals with a number or amount |
| qualitative observation | deals with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers |
| infer | to explain or interpret things you observe |
| predicting | making a statement or a claim about what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence |
| classify | arrange (a group of people or things) in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics. |
| model | A representation of complex objects and processes |
| hypothesis | a possible answer to a scientific question |
| variable | A factor that can change in an experiment |
| independent variable | variable that is manipulated or changed |
| dependent variable | variable that may change, in response to the independent variable |
| data | Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. |
| control | something that does not receive the independent variable |
| constant | A value that does not change |
| theory | a well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results |
| law | statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time, under a particular set of conditions |
| cell | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Robert Hooke | coined the term "cell" |
| unicellular | Made of a single cell |
| multicellular | made of many cells |
| metabolism | the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials |
| asexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. |
| sexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents |
| autotroph | An organism that makes its own food |
| heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food. |
| homeostasis | The maintenance of stable internal conditions |
| Carolus Linnaeus | developed binomial nomenclature |
| binomial nomenclature | Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
| Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow | developed the cell theory |
| cell theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| cell wall | A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of plants and some other organisms; provides support to the cell |
| cell membrane | surrounds the cell of both plants and animals; controls what substances pass into and out of the cell |
| nucleus Control center of the cell | |
| organelles | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are contained |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell; converts energy stored as food, to energy the cell can use |
| endoplasmic reticulum | A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis (production) |
| vacuole | organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| chloroplast | found in plant cells; captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy the plant can use to make food |
| selectively permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| passive transport | Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| diffusion | Type of passive transport; movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| active transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration; requires energy |
| interphase | Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division |
| cell cycle | The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| prophase | Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms |
| metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes move away, to opposite sides of the cell |
| telophase | phase of mitosis in which the cell starts to pinch in the middle, and two nuclei start to form on opposite sides of the cell |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; results in 4 daughter cells, each with 1/2 the number of chromosomes |
| heredity | passing on of traits (physical characteristics) from parents to offspring |
| trait | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. |
| genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Gregor Mendel | The father of genetics - Experimented with pea plants |
| purebred | An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent. |
| hybrid | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| alleles | Different forms of a gene |
| dominant allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. |
| recessive allele | An allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present |
| probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| Punnett Square | A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| genotype | An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. |
| phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. |
| homozygous | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a particular gene |
| DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| double helix | Shape of DNA |
| nitrogenous bases | make up the rungs of the DNA ladder |
| adenine | The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA |
| thymine | the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA. |
| guanine | The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA |
| cytosine | The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| sexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents |
| asexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. |
| genetic engineering | A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally. |
| cloning | Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism. |
| selective breeding | The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation |
| mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome. |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| chlorophyll | Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| producer | An organism that can make its own food. |
| consumer | An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms |
| reactants | elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. |
| glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |
| cellular respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
| energy+CO2+H2O->C6H12O6+O2 | equation for photosynthesis |
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy | chemical equation for cellular respiration |
| evolution | The gradual change in a species over time |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily |
| punctuated equilibrium | Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change |
| species | A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| variation | Any difference between individuals of the same species. |
| radiometric dating | method used to determine the age of rocks using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes |
| adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce |
| natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| extinction | A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals. |
| fossil record | the millions of fossils that scientists have collected |
| fossil | The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past |
| genetic information | A set of instructions coded in DNA molecules that specifies the traits of an organism. |
| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor |
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kmsew
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