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Biology EOC
Bio Essential Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | process by which a cell maintains a constant internal environment. Cells excrete waste and take in nutrients to maintain a healthy state. |
| prokaryotes | cells that have no nucleus |
| eukaryotes | cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| active transport | moving material from a low concentration to high concentration; takes cell energy |
| passive transport | moving materials with the concentration gradient (from a high to low concentration); does not require energy |
| endocytosis | A cell takes material into itself (cell “eating”); it wraps it up in its cell membrane and pulls it inside. |
| exocytosis | active transport involving the use of a lipid membrane to transport materiel out of the cell |
| carbohydrate | AKA “sugar” or “starch”; ring-shaped 5 carbon sugar. Used as a quick source of energy. Its monomer is a monosaccharide |
| protein | Used to provide structural support in the body. Monomers: chain of amino acids (CHON). Enzymes are proteins. |
| nucleic acid | A polymer made of monomers called nucleotides (CHONP) that store genetic information |
| mitosis | Process of cell division. Results in 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell. Used for growth and repair of cells. |
| enzyme | Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy needed; speeds up the reaction. (ends in -ase) |
| chloroplasts | Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants and algae |
| interphase | part of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its life. Growth occurs for the cell. Made up of the G1, S phase, and G2 phases. |
| prophase | chromatin condenses to form chromosomes |
| metaphase | the lining up of chromosomes along the equator of the cell during nuclear division |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm and organelles during nuclear division |
| Lysosomes | organelle containing enzymes; serves as the digestive system of the cell |
| chromosomes | tightly-wound DNA strands |
| trait | Specific genetically determined characteristic for an individual |
| gene | segment of DNA that controls an organism’s traits |
| alleles | the different possible forms of a gene |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; which alleles they possess. Example: BB, Bb, or bb |
| phenotype | appearance, or physical characteristics; what you can see; physical trait. Example: BLUE Eyes, BROWN hair. Expressed in words. |
| heterozygous | having different alleles for a trait; hybrid. Example: Rr |
| homozygous | having the same alleles, purebreed. Example: RR or rr |
| dihybrid cross | a sixteen-box Punnett square that looks at two sets of alleles; |
| sex-linked inheritance | determined by a gene located on the sex chromosome(the X or Y chromosome) |
| Mutation | any change in the sequence of the bases in DNA |
| evolution | the process of changing over time |
| natural selection | nature picks the best traits; more helpful traits become more frequent in a population when there are more offspring than resources |
| taxonomy | study of relatedness of organisms; classifying organisms based on similarities |
| dichotomous key | series of paired statements (yes or no questions) that helps identify species; helps to organize organisms by characteristics |
| phylogenetic tree or cladogram | a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships within a group of organisms |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants make sugars from water, CO2 and light |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells break down sugar to release ATP (energy) |
| ecosystem | all living and nonliving things, where they live |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship where one species lives in or on another, harming it |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from the relationship |
| autotroph | make their own food (producers) |
| heterotroph | depend on others to make their food (consumers) |
| nitrogen fixation | converting nitrogen gas into a usable form plants can absorb |
Created by:
TKeith
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