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Endocrine system

QuestionAnswer
Describe neuroendocrine relations Some nerve cells act as endocrine cells and some endocrine tissues are derived from neural ectoderm (outermost layer)
Define neurosecretory cells and their location in humans Nerve cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the blood stream. Found in hypothalamus.
List the 9 types of endocrine glands 1. Hypothalamus and pituitary 2. Pineal 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid 5. Thymus 6. Adrenal 7. Pancreas 8. Ovary 9. Testes
Location, function, innervation and development of pineal gland Location: slightly cranial and superior to cerebellum Innervation: cranial nerves Function: secretes melatonin Development: develops from outgrowth of roof of diencephalon
Function of melatonin hormone secreted by the pineal gland Controls body's daily clock, secreted depending on amount of daylight (more in the dark). Regulates sleep-wake cycle
Location, function and innervation of thymus gland Location: deep to sternum and ventral to great vessels of the heart Innervation: vagus (X) nerve Function: secretes thymosin, thymopoietin and thymulin and thymic humeral factor
Development of thymus gland Large structure until puberty where it begins to atrophy (waste away) and get replaced with adipose tissue
Describe the functions of the hormones of the thymus
Location, function, development and innervation of thyroid gland Location: close to thyroid cartilage Innervation: Vagus nerve (X) Development: first endocrine gland to appear in development, develops from endodermal thickening in floor of early pharynx (throat) Function: secretes thyroxin and calcitonin
Describe the functions of the hormones of the thyroid glands
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland Butterfly shaped, has 2 lateral lobes connected by thyroid isthmus (thin piece of tissue) medially
Location, function, development and innervation of parathyroid gland Location: behind thyroid, usually paired. 1 pair at the top and another pair at the bottom Development: endodermal thickening in floor of early pharynx Innervation: Vagus nerve (X) Function: secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Functions of hormone produced by parathyroid gland
Location and innervation of adrenal gland Location: superior surface of kidney Innervation: adjacent sympathetic fibers, no parasympathetic innervation
Describe the structure and function of the adrenal gland Have inner medulla which produces steroid hormones (corticoids) and outer cortex which releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
Functions of adrenal hormones
Development of parts of adrenal gland
State the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline
Location, function and innervation of pancreas Location: inside notch of duodenum Function: secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, it is both endocrine and exocrine Innervation: greater splanchnic nerve in sympathetic nervous system and Vagus nerve (X) in CNS
State the functions of pancreatic hormones
Location, function and innervation of ovary Location: near kidneys, anchored by fallopian tubes Innervation: sympathetically by splanchnic nerve and parasympathetically by sacral outflow Function: produce eggs, hormones estrogen and progesterone
Functions of ovarian hormones
Location, function and innervation of testes Location: scrotal sac located at base of penis, connected to body by spermatic cord (bundle of nerves, blood vessels and ducts) Innervation: splanchnic and sacral outflow Function: produces sperms, secretes testosterone
Functions of testicular hormones
Why is the scrotal sac located outside the body? To ensure testes are cooled to below body temperature for effective sperm production
Location of hypothalamus and pituitary gland Located at base of brain Pituitary lies inferior to hypothalamus
Describe the infundibulum Stalk containing nerve fibers and blood vessels which connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Describe the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system Vascular link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
2 lobes of the pituitary gland Anterior and posterior
Describe the development of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Created by: Dr Shalom Banda
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