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Endocrinology
FA Round 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some clinical features of PTH adenoma? | Hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, constipation, and abdominal pain. |
| What are the effects on serum calcium and phosphate due to increased PTH? | Increased serum calcium and decreased serum phosphate |
| What does the elevated PTH lead to an increase in serum Ca2+ and decreased serum phosphate? | Serum calcium is increased via bone resorption and gut absorption, and serum phosphate is decreased through increase kidney excretion |
| What is the most common Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with Small cell lung cancer? | Cushing syndrome |
| What are the histological findings Small Cell lung cancer? | Small, dark blue cells with epithelial and neuroendorine markers |
| Which dopamine pathway is inhbited by antipsychotics? | Tuberoinfindubular pathway |
| What are the adverse effects of Dopamine receptor antagonists? | Hyperprolactenemia by the tuberoinfuindublar pathway, within manifest with amenorrhea and galactorrhea |
| How is a Thyroglossal duct cyst presented? | In childhood as an anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or tongue proturion |
| What is the associed conditoin with Thyroglossal duct cyst? | Setting of an upper respiratroy infection |
| Which neck mass in manifested with movenen with swallongin or torngue protursion? | Thyroglossal duct cyst |
| What neurotransmitter is used by the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines? | Acetylcholine |
| Which kind of neurons are used to stimulate the adrenal medullar to stimulate catecholamine secretion? | Preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
| What is the Complex Regional Pain syndrome? | Clinical diagnoses associated with disproportionate pain, often a fracture or sprain. |
| What is the MOA of Thiazolidinediones? | Act on the PPARs to sensitize skeletal muscle and the liver to insulin |
| What is a common example of a Thiazolidinediones? | Pioglitazone |
| What is an important of Thiazolidinediones? | Water retention, which may precipitate heart failure |
| Which diabetic drugs is associated with water retention? | Thiazolidinediones |
| What is the most common type of thyroid cancer? | Follicular Thyroid cancer |
| What mutation is associated with Follicular Thyroid cancer? | RAS oncogene |
| What are the common metastases locations of Follicular Thyroid cancer? | Bone and lungs |
| What pancreatic cells produces Somatostatin? | D cells |
| What inhibitory hormone is secreted by Dc ells? | Somatostatin |
| What amino acid makes up the Thyroid hormone? | Phenylalanine |
| What is the precursor or Tyrosine? | Phenylalanine |
| Tyrosine + Phenylalanine ---> | Thyroid hormone |
| How is Hemochromatosis presented? | Elevated ferritin, hepatomegaly, and bronze-toned skin |
| What is the result of Iron deposit in Hemochromatosis? | Hypopituitarism, most commonly leading to low gonadotropin and testosterone levels in men |
| What are the most common symptoms of Addison disease? | Weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, and hyperpigmentation |
| How are the levels of cortisol and aldosterone in Addison disease? | Unchanged levels of adrenal glands cannot synthesize the hormones |
| What condition is associated with Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica? | Primary hyperparathyroidism |
| What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism? | Parathyroid adenoma |
| Which are more active in Osteitis Fibrosa cystica, osteoclasts or osteoblasts? | Osteoclasts |
| What are two examples of GLP-1 analogs? | Exenatide and Liraglutide |
| MOA of GPL-1 analogs: | Increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion |
| Which type of DM drugs are known to increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion in the pancreas? | GLP-1 analogs |
| What are the 3 P's in MEN type 1 syndrome? | Parathyroid, Pancreatic, and Pituitary tumors |
| What is the MC pituitary tumor associated with MEN1? | Prolactinoma |
| What are the main symptoms of 17a-hydroxylase deficiency? | Hypertension, hypokalemia, and hypogonadism |
| Which part of the adrenal gland is hypertrophied in 17a-hydroxylase deficiency? | Zona glomerulosa |
| Hypertrophy or increases activity of the Zona glomerulosa is suspect in which Congenital Adrenal Deficiency? | 17a-hydroxylase deficiency |
| What condition is often seen with a Gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor? | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
| What GI cells are stimulated by Gastrin? | Parietal cells in the stomach |
| What is secreted by stomach Parietal cells? | Acid |
| What GI cells secrete gastrin? | G cells from the stomach |
Created by:
rakomi
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