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Genetics Bio 300
Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genome | contains complete set of genetic information for any organism. encoded in Nucleic acids |
| transmission genetics | classic genetics, basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next. Addresses relationship between chromosomes and heredity, arrangement of genes on chroms. and gene mapping. |
| molecular genetics | chemical nature of gene itself. how genetic info is encoded, replicated and expressed. included cellular process of transcription and translation. |
| population genetics | explores genetic composition of groups of individual members of same species and how they change over time |
| model genetic organisms | organisms having characteristics that make them particularly useful for genetic analysis and with a tremendous amount of genetic info has accumulated. ex. drosophila and e.coli |
| pangenesis | theory of particules, gemmules, carry info from various parts parts of the body to reproductive organs which are then passed to embryo. |
| inheritance of acquired characteristics | pangenesis led to this theory in which traits acquired in one's lifetime were passed on to offspring |
| preformationism | inside the egg or sperm there exists a tiny adult which enlarges. |
| Hopi culture contributed to high incidence of albinism | by giving albinos special status and praise. It was considered positive so breeding was encoraged. |
| When and where did agriculture first rise? What role did genetics play in development of first domesticated animals and plants? | In the middle east approx. 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. produced several hundered varieties of palms. |
| Germ plasm theory | cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic info that is passed to the egg and sperm |
| blending inheritance | offspring are a blend, or mixture, of parental traits |
| relationship between genetics and evolution | Evolution is due to genetics and heredity. Through genetic variation and mutations evolution arises |
| Prokaryotic | no nucleus, small cell diameter, No complex histones, small amount of DNA, membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeleton are absent |
| Eukaryotic | nucleus, large cell size, multiple linear DNA with complex histones, Membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton are present |
| Viruses | simple structures composed of outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid. reproduce only in hosts. The close relationship of viruses to their hosts make them useful for studying the genetics of host organisms |
| Fundamental Events in Cell Reproduction | 1. genetic info copied 2. copies must be separated from each other 3. cell must divide |
| Prokaryote Cell Reproduction | Begins at Origin of Replication 2 newly replicated chroms move away from each other towards opposite ends of cell. A new cell wall forms between them producing 2 new cells |
| Homologous Pair | Each chrom in one set has a corresponding chrom. Usually alike in structure and size and each carry genetic info for the same set of hereditary characteristics |
| Diploid and Haploid | Diploid contains two sets of genetic info. Haploid contains one set of genetic info |
| Functional Chromosomes elements | Centromere (point of attachment for spindle) Pair of Telomeres Z(natural ends or tips of linear chromosomes stabilize chrom ends) Origins of Replication (sites where DNA synthesis begins not easily observed) |
| Sister chromatids | 2 identical copies of chromosome - X |
| Interphase | extended period of growth and development b/w cell divisions. 3 stages G1( cell grows proteins synthesized), S (chromosomes duplicate) G2 (prepare for mitosis biochemical events) |
| M Phase | 5 stages of Mitosis and cytokinesis |
| 1. Prophase | chromosomes condenses possessing 2 chromatids. Mitotic spindle forms out of a pair of centrosomes that migrate to sides of cell. With in each centrosome is a special organelle centriole composed of microtubules |
| 2. Prometaphase | nuclear membrane disintegrates, spindles enter nuclear region and microtubules make contact with chroms. microtubules lengthen and shorten moving chroms about. |
| 3. Metaphase | chroms become arranged in a single plane "the metaphase plate" |
| 4. Anaphase | sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides |
| 5. Telophase | arrival of chroms at separate poles. nuclear envelope reforms. chroms relax. |
| Cytokinesis | cell division of cytoplasm |
| Genetically important results of cell cycle | 1 cell produces 2 cells containing same genetic info because S phase creates exact copy of existing DNA |
| Sexual Reproduction | 2 divisions - 2 processes: meiosis which leads to gametes and chromosome number reduces by half. then fertilization in which gametes fuse and restore chroms to original diploid value |
| Prophase I | contains 5 substages, leptotene(chromosome contract and become visible) Zygotene(chroms continue to condense) Pachytene(chroms become shorter and thicker) CROSSING OVER TAKES PLACE. Diplotene(centromeres of paired chromes move apart. diakinesis (condense |
| crossing over | results from centromeres moving apart in diplotene and homologs stay attached only at chiasma |
| Metaphase I | align at metaphase plate |
| Anaphase I | separation of HOMOLOGOUS chroms and move to opposite poles |
| Telephase I | Arrive at spindle poles and cytoplasm divides |
| heredity | influences our lives in sign ways - hair color, eye color, how the environment affects us |
| model genetic organism characteristics | haploid, short gen time, manageable in number, easy to handle in lab, inexpensive |
| 3 domains of life | eubacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| allele | multiple forms of a gene |
| gene | fundamental unit of heredity. found on chromosomes but can also be found on extra-chromosomal elements |
| nucleic acids | carry out genetic info |
| polygenic characteristics | characteristics encoded by genes at many loci |
| Continuous or quantitative characteristics | characteristics having many possible phenotypes and exhibit a continuous distribution of phenotypes like height. |
| multifactorial traits | polygenic characteristics (encoded by genes on many loci) that are influenced by the environment because each genotype has a broad norm of reaction. |
| exceptions in bacteria | linear and multiple chromosomes can be found as well as membrane bound organelles |
| histones | 2 parts. DNA wraps around it condensing then it is locked in. The entire unit of Histone and DNA is called chromatin. |
| telocentric | Chromosome shaped like a U |
| Metacentric | chromosome shaped like an X |
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loveflyny
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