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Bio chapter 4
ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 2 types of cellular respiration | Aerobic: requires oxygen Anaerobic: doesn't require oxygen. |
| How many ATP does Aerobic respiration produce from one glucose molecule? | 36 ATP |
| 4 types of energy storing compounds | ATP; NADH; NADP; FADH2 |
| Energy is stored in ________. | Chemical bonds |
| 3 parts of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | 1 adenine 1 ribose 3 phosphate |
| The two parts of ATP that make up Adenosine | adenine and ribose |
| How does ATP release energy and what is it called afterwards? | ATP breaks one phosphate off to release energy and then it's called ADP (+P) [Adenosine Diphosphate] |
| 3 functions of ATP energy | Mechanical functions (ex: cilia & flagella); Active Transport; Helps break down large molecules |
| How are new ATP compounds created after it turns into ADP? | The ADP attaches another phosphate |
| 2 types of organisms classified by how they obtain food | heterotrophs and autotrophs |
| How do organisms get energy? | By consuming some kind of food |
| Autotrophs | organisms that can make food from carbon dioxide and an energy source (like sunlight) |
| Example of an autotroph that doesn't get energy from the sun | Autotrophs on the seafloor get energy form inorganic compounds found near heat vents on the seafloor. |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that cannot create their own energy |
| How heterotrophs get energy | By consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs |
| Another name for autotrophs | Producers |
| Another name for heterotrophs | Consumers |
| The circle of life | Energy being passed from autotrophs to heterotrophs directly of indirectly |
| The process by which autotrophs turn sunlight into usable energy. | Photosynthesis |
| How does all visible light to humans appear as? | White light |
| Pigment | A molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others. |
| Chlorophyll | One of the most important pigments needed to do photosynthesis. Absorbs all colors besides green, which it reflects. |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in autotrophs that stores pigments to do photosynthesis |
| 3 parts of chloroplast | Thylakoid; Grana; Stroma |
| Thylakoid | A disc shaped structure that contains all the pigments necessary for photosynthesis; Found in a chloroplast |
| Grana | A stack of thylakoids |
| Stroma | Gel that fills the rest of a chloroplast (besides the grana) |
| Photosystem | a light collecting unit with chlorophyll and other pigments in a thylakoid |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | the plant takes in water and sunlight + carbon dioxide, creates sugars, and releases oxygen as a byproduct |
| Formula of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. |
| 2 stages of photosynthesis | Light dependent reaction; Calvin cycle |
| Light dependent reaction | Sunlight enters the chloroplast; the energy is used to break up water molecules that enter the plant; the plant releases oxygen and creates ATP and NADPH. |
| Calvin cycle | Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplast; the ATP and NADPH release energy and are turned into ADP+P and NADP+; this energy is used to make sugar. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of chemical reactions that turn sugar into ATP |
| Both plants and animals break down ________ in order to release energy. | sugar (glucose) |
| 2 types of cellular respiration | Aerobic: needs oxygen Anaerobic: doesn't need oxygen |
| 3 stages of aerobic respiration | 1. glycolysis 2. the Krebs cycle (a.k.a. Citric Acid cycle) 3. Electron transport |
| Glycolysis | sugar is converted into pyruvate in cytoplasm outside mitochondria; 2 ATP are produced. |
| The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA in mitochondria; NADH and FADH2 are produced; 2 ATP are produced |
| Electron Transport | Energy form NADH and FADH2 is transferred into ATP; 32 ATP are produced |
| How much ATP is produced in Aerobic Respiration from one molecule of glucose? | 36 ATP |
| How much ATP is produced in Anaerobic Respiration from one molecule of glucose? | 2 ATP |
| Where does Anaerobic respiration happen? | In some unicellular organisms or in some cells of multicellular organisms (like in muscle cells) |
| Fermentation | the process of extracting energy from pyruvate without oxygen |
| 2 types of fermentation | 1. Alcoholic fermentation 2. Lactic Acid fermentation |
| Which is more efficient: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration? | aerobic repiration |
| 2 byproducts of alcoholic fermentation | 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Ethanol (Alcohol) |
| How does yeast do Alcoholic fermentation? | The bubbles from the carbon dioxide of the reaction makes the bread rise. Yeast dies during the process and alcohol evaporates. |
| What happens in Lactic Acid fermentation? | the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid |
| When does anaerobic respiration occur? | When your muscles run out of oxygen, they switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration |
| Why is it common to feel sore after a big workout? | Because of the build up of Lactic Acid in your muscles. |
Created by:
Honey Bunches
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