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Renal
FA review round 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Furosemide? | Potassium-wasting loop diuretic that decreases fluid overload in patients with CHF |
| Example of a potassium-wasting loop diuretic | Furosemide |
| Which artery prevents the ascencion of horseshoe kidney? | Inferior Mesenteric artery |
| What is the anion gap range in metabolic acidosis? | > 12 mEq/L |
| What are some common accidental ingestions that may cause anion gap metabolic acidosis? | Aspirin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, INH, and metformin |
| What are the classic symptoms of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis? | Nephritic syndrome, sinusitis, fever, and purpura |
| What autoantibody is positive in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis? | c-ANCA |
| Which vasculitis is c-ANCA (+)? | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| What is the result of Urethral obstruction due to posterior urethral valves obstruction? | Dilation of both kidneys and ureters, as well as the bladder |
| What are the main clinical signs of Acute (allergic) interstitial nephritis? | Rash, fever, and eosinophilia |
| What are the most common UA findings of Allergic Interstitial nephritis? | WBCs and WBC casts |
| What are the two main categories of medications that cause Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)? | NSAIDs and Antibiotics |
| Which are the known or most common antibiotics that may cause AIN? | Penicillin, cephalosporin, and sulfonamide |
| What is a possible indicated of ERDS? | Severe uremic symptoms |
| What is the reason of death by MI in a person with severe ESRD? | Accelerated rate of Atherosclerosis |
| How does sepsis cause ARDS? | Neutrophil release of cytokines and proteases |
| Which factor of permeability and Starling forces is affected by Sepsis leading to ARDS? | Increase in Kf |
| Small vessel vasculitis that affects the lungs, upper airways, glomeruli and skin (purpura)? | Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis |
| Is GPA positive for c-ANCA or p-ANCA? | c-ANCA |
| Is the serum complement level increased or decreased in Postinfectious GN? | Decreased |
| What are the classic histological findings of Acute tubular necrosis? | Muddy brown casts |
| What are the main findings of Acute tubular necrosis in a UA? | Muddy brown casts and Tubular epithelial cells |
| What condition may be suspected after starting aminoglycosides a week ago in a renal patient? | Acute tubular necrosis |
| Which electrolyte components of urine are essential to maximize renal free water reabsorption? | Urea and NaCl |
| Elevated PTH + hypercalcemia, in a patient with kidneys stones and constipation strongly suggest? | Parathyroid adenoma |
| What is the net effect of high PTH in blood? | Increased serum calcium and decreased serum phosphate |
| What leads to low serum phosphate in a patient with hyperparathyroidism? | Increased kidney excretion of phosphate |
| What is the most significant finding of Hyperemesis gravidarum? | Ketonuria |
| What is the most common Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor? | Acetazolamide |
| What diuretic is commonly used to high-altitude illness? | Acetazolamide |
| Acetazolamide induces metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? | Metabolic acidosis |
| What is the main histologic finding of Squamous cell cancer of the bladder? | Keratin pearls |
| What pathogen is associated with developing of Squamous cell cancer to the bladder? | S. haematobium |
| What is the most severe complication of Wilms tumor? | Metastases to the lung and liver |
| Which condition is often seen with the transition from initial hyperkalmia then converting into hypokalemia wth treatment? | DKA |
| Why si patassium given as treatment in DKA? | Despite initial pseudo-hyperkalemia, the person is losing potassium in the urine, which will lead to hypokalemia overall |
| Whoud are the biopsy results or finidings of Membranous nephropahty? | Immmune diepsits in a subepithelial and intramembranous pattern, as well as GBM thickeing due these deposits |
| What is the result on electrolyte balances in a person with advace ESRD? | Accumulationof total body water, Na+, and K+, du to inabilty to filter properly |
| What are the baseis for Glormrual Basemeent Membrane permeabilty? | Size and charge |
| Which protein is often a marker of glomerular basement membrane damage due to ist incrased filtration? | Albumin |
| Albumin: negative or positve charged molecule? | Negative |
| Is Albumin pereamble by the GBM in a healty patient? | No, it is not due to its negative charge |
| What protein is inhibitied by Thiazide diuretics? | Na-Cl contranstpor in the DCT |
| What type of transpor is seen with the Na-Cl contrasport in the DCT of the nephron? | Secondary active transport |
| What is GFR ? | Flow rate of flud throough the glomerular basemen membrane |
| What lab values can ber sused to estimage GFR? | Inulin or Creatine clearance |
| What type of AKI is seen in cases presenting renal hypoperfusion? | Prerenal AKI |
| What are common condition that result in prerenal AKI? | Volume depletion, bleeding, heat failure, liver failure, or bilateral RAS |
| What is the urine sodium of prerenal AKI? | <10 mEq/L |
| What is the Fractional extretion of sodium (FENa) in prerenal AKI? | <1% |
| What thpe of AKI is seen with a BUN:Cr > 20? | Prerenal AKI |
| Classic signs aHCOnd symptoms of CN poisoning? | CNS symptoms, acidosis, and increaed methemoglobin |
| What is accumulated in CN poisoning that leads to develop metabolic acidosis? | Lactic acid |
| What diurtec is known to cause bicarbonate diuresis? | Acetazolamide |
| How does Acetazolamide casuse bicarbonate diuretis? | Reducing renal acid excretion |
| On which part of the nephron does Acetazolamide work? | PCT |
| What typee of cells are repent in ATN? | Renal tubular epithelial cells |
| Which type of hyperaldosteronism is foten acused by RAS? | Secondary hyperaldosteronism |
| What leads to secoencdry hyperaldosteronism in a patient with RAS? | Excess renin secreion by the affecterd kindney |
| In unilateral RAS, does the unaffected kidney show an increase or decrease in Renin sercretion? | Decrease |
| What are two common causes of hyponatremia? | SIADH or Thiazide diuretics |
| What is an electrolyte abnormality due to Thiazide diuretics? | Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis |
| How does vitamin D deficiency cause hypophosphatemia? | Decreasing intestinal absorption of phosphate and increasing urinary phosphate excretion |
| Is vitamin D deficiency associated with low or high serum phosphate levels? | Low phosphate levels in serum |
| What are a few risks factors for FSGN? | HIV, IV drug use, heroin morbid obesity, and less commonly lupus |
| What common glomerular disease is associated with gross hematuria in young patients concurrent with few days after viral respiratory illness? | Iga nephropathy |
| What are the adverse of calcium and potassium associated with thiazides? | Hypokalemia and hypercalcemia |
| What type of anemia is seen with menstruating women with inadequate iron intake? | Iron deficiency anemia |
| List of common causes of a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve: | 1. Acidemia 2. Increased temperature 3. Exercise 4. Elevated [2, 3-BPG] 5. Elevated PaCO2 |
| What nephrotic condition is often associated with Statin use? | Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute tubular necrosis |
| Which glomerular capillary pressure is affected using NSAIDs? | Glomerular capillary HYDROSTATIC pressure |
| ON which arteriole do NSAIDs have greatest effect, afferent or efferent? | Afferent |
| What is the result on the afferent renal arteriole if patient is taking an NSAID? | Afferent arteriole constriction |
| What is the effect on the renal afferent arteriole with? NSAIDS ----> Prostaglandins ----> | Vasoconstriction - NSAIDs Vasodilatiion --- Prostagladings |
| What are important hemodynamic changes seen with hypovolemic shock? | 1. Low preload --> drop (low) CO 2. Low CO leads -----> Reflex tachycardia , Vasoconstriction (SVR increase), and increase release of ADH and renin |
| How is the UA of prerenal AKI? | Normal UA |
Created by:
rakomi
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