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Biology Chapter 12
Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a model system? | A system with convenient characteristics used to study a specific biological phenomenon to be applied to other systems. |
| Explain the blending theory of inheritance. | When two parents had a child, the parents' genes were blended with each other to create the child. |
| What is continuous variation? | An inheritance pattern in which a character shows a range of trait values with small gradations rather than large gaps between them. |
| What is discontinuous variation? | Another inheritance pattern where traits are distinct and are transmitted independently of one other. |
| What was the main plant Mendel used to study genetics? | Garden pea plants. He chose these because they had discontinuous variation inheritance pattern. |
| What is true-breeding? | This type of fertilization produces a pure-bred plants that ALWAYS make offspring that look like the parent. (In-breeding) |
| What is a hybridization? | Where you mate two true-bred plants together that have different traits. |
| What is the first generation of a cross referred to as? | Psub0 |
| What is the F1 generation? | These are the offspring plants of the Psub0 generation. |
| What is a trait? | A variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic. |
| What is a reciprocal cross? | A paired cross where the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other crosses. |
| Explain dominant traits. | These traits, when present, are always expressed |
| Explain recessive traits. | These traits are often hidden unless organism is homozygous for the given recessive trait. If not, you won't see this trait expressed. |
| What is the product rule? | For independent events A and B, the probability (P) of them both occurring (A and B) is (Pa x Pb) |
| What is the sum rule? | For mutually exclusive events A and B, the probability (P) that at least one occurs (A OR B) is (Pa + Pb) |
| Define an allele. | Gene variation that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes. (Eye color. Alleles are green vs blue eye color.) |
| What is homozygous? | Having two identical alleles for a gene carried on the homologous chromosome. |
| What is heterozygous? | Having two different alleles for a gene. |
| What is hemizygous? | The presence of only one allele for a characteristic. As an x linkage. This often makes makes dominance/recessiveness irrelevant. |
| Explain incomplete dominance. | In a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays a mix, or an intermediate phenotype. |
| Explain codominance. | In a herterozygote, complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic. |
| What is the "wild type?" | This phrase is used to denote the most common PHENOTYPE of wild animals. (basically the standard) |
| What is a variant? | Other phenotypes that are not according to the wild type. |
| What is an x-linked trait? | A gene is present on the X chromosome but not the Y chromosome. |
| What is an autosome? | These are non-sex chromosomes. |
| What are the two laws inheritance? | The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. |
| Define/state the law of segregation. | Paired genes must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor. |
| Define/state the law of independent assortment. | Genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes. |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | The result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic. (Yy) |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | Result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics. (YyRR) |
| Name the ratios that result from each cross. | Monohybrid-- 1:2:1 Dihybrid-- 9:3:3:1 |
| Name alternatives to Punnett squares. | Forked-line method and Probability method. |
| What does the term "linkage" describe in genetics? | This demonstrates that genes located physically close to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited as a pair. |
| What is epistasis? | When one gene masks/hides/interferes with the expression of another gene. |
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tali_Alley
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