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CELL BIO EXAM III
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oxidation | a RXNs that removes one or more e- from a substance |
| Reduction | a chemical change in which e- are gained |
| Combustion | oxygen is reactant , (CnHn)... CO2 + H2O |
| Cellular respiration Oxidation- Reduction RXNs | start with organic molecule (carb) then energy extracted (ATP) turn into inorganic molecule (CO2 + H2O) |
| Oxidative - phosphorylation : adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP | NADH & FADH dump off their e- & turn into NAD & FAD during Oxidative Phosphorylation: chemiosmosis accepted e- transport to ATP Synthesis |
| ETC (inner membrane) used high energy from Krebs to generate ATP | NAD & FAD e- are given to O2 then break oxygen double bond. Grab H+ e become H2O NADH converted to ATP |
| Calvin Cycle | INPUT: ATP & NADPH OUTPUT: ADP, Pi & NADP |
| 2 stages of aerobic respiration (in mitochondrion with oxygen) REACTANT: 2 pyruvate molecule , 2 ATP, 2 NADH PRODUCT: Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+ | Kreb Cycle (mitochondrion matrix) ETC both prods: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
| 2nd law of Thermodynamics | Every chemical RXNs must increase the total Entrophy of the Universe Energy can't be converted w/o the loss of usable energy Representative of 2nd Law: Cell require a constant input of Energy to maintain their high level of organization |
| 3 Steps in Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis (2 NADH, 2 ATP) Pyruvate (Citric Acid Cycle) Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| PhotoSynthesis | start with inorganic molecule, energy from Sun turn into organic molecule = carbohydrate |
| Glycolysis (in cytosol ) 2 Stages 10 RXNs | Lactic acid Fermentation - Anaerobic respiration in (cytoplasm) Process in which Glucose is broken down in the Cytoplasm (ANAEROBIC process) break Glucose in 1/2 end up 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP + 2 NADH (&FADH2 goes to ETC), CO2 (waste product) |
| Pyruvate Oxidation / Citric Acid Cycle Each 3C, 3 CO2 >>> 2 ATP | mitochondria = carbon get produced break off 1C from pyruvate & goes off at CO2 run Citric Acid twice for every glucose put in |
| Chloroplast | organell for Photosynthesis 6CO2+6H2O+energy >>C6H12O6+6O2 |
| Thylakoid (site for light dependent) | (chlorophyll) light RXNs INPUT: light, ADP, H2O, NADP OUTPUT: O2, ATP, NADPH |
| Hydrolysis ATP >>> ADP | energy take out (release) is an energetically favorable RXNs |
| Dehydration (Condensation) ADP>>>ATP | energy put in (require) would decrease the Entrophy within a cell |
| Kreb's Cycle (happen twice) Mitochondrial Matrix (the inner fluid inside mitochondrion) Require Oxygen | break down Pyruvate RXNs producing e- carrier compounds ATP and CO2 produce FADH2 |
| Alcohol fermentation | (plant, bacteria) PRODUCEs NAD+, CO2 and Ethanol prods: 2 NAD |
| Lactic Acid | (animal) PRODUCEs NAD+ , lactic acid |
| Substance recycle during photosynthesis & cellular respiration | ATP, ADP, NADP+, NADPH |
| ATP Synthesis | Chemiosmosis diffusion of ions across a membrane OXIDATION of NADH+, H+ and FADH2 |
| Final Electron Acceptor on ETC | oxygen from H2O |
| NAD+ (coenzyme) of Oxidation- Reduction | because it accept hydrogen atom NADH give them away |
| Cristae- fold of inner membrane on mitochondrion | increase internal surface of mitochondrion contain ATP Synthesis Complex |
| Matrix (inner most compartment) | filled with a gel-like fluid impermeable to most substances ATP, ADP, Pyruvate freely passthrough using transport protein |
| Fatty Acid Synthesis enzyme | Acetyl CoA Carboxylase RXNs: Acetyl CoA + CO2 +ATP>>> Malonyl-CoA+ ADP |
| Coenzyme in Fatty Acid Synthesis | NADPH |
| CATABOLIC | break down protein into amino acids |
| ANABOLIC | consume energy to build up polymer from monomer |
| G < O negative mean | Spontaneous or UnFavorable Able to power other Oxidation RNXs |
| Ethanol or other products | regenerate NAD+ under aerobic ... proceed to Kreb's Cycle |
| For 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate? ATP and NADH produced/ required to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate in Glycolysis | 1GTP 1NADH |
| FADH2 | similar to NADH shuttle to ETC to generate ATP permit to interact with different protein |
| Glycogen molecule provide more energy | rapidly through its rapid degradation |
| Fat molecule store more energy | release more slowly than Glycogen for longterm fasting, Fat can provide more steady supply of energy |
| Enzyme-Catalyzed RXNs | the RXNs is faster than the same RXNs in the absence of the enzyme |
| ACTIVATION Energy | Reactant Capable of interaction to form products in an chemical RXNs must first overcome a thermodynamics barrier |
| increase substrate concentration mean | is an enzymatic RXNs could overcome competitive inhibition |
| increase concentration of ATP in cell | increase cell's catabolic activity |
| NAD+ gain a Hydrogen | the molecule become reduced |
| NAD+ is decrease to NADH | during Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle |
| Oxygen consumed during Cellular Respiration | involved directly in (accepting e-) at the end of ETC |
| CO2 release | during oxidative of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle |
| Entrophy measure of disorder, or usable energy in system | NADP+: e carrier |
| 3 things in photosystem | antenne Pigments, Chlorophyll, Molecule and Protein |
| Photon is absorbed by antenna pigment | Energy transferred from Pigment to pigment until reaches RXNs center |
| Spectrophotometer | instrument that can measure transmitted light and compute the absorbance |
| STOMA (underside of leaf) CALVIN CYCLE | opening that regulate gas exchange and water evaporation between leaves and environment |
| NADPH | take up e- and start the Calvin Cycle |
| NADP+ reductase - enzyme | last step of e- chain Protein that reduce NADP+ into NADPH |
| Phase I Calvin Cycle | Carbon Fixation, use 6 ATP, 6 NADH |
| Phase II Calvin Cycle | Reduction , the output is one sugar molecule (G3P) 5 G3P used in the rest of the cycle |
| Phase III Calvin Cycle | regenerate phase 3ATP used in the last step |
| C4 plant | plant that utilize pep carboxylase (corn) |
| CAM plant | plants that maximize photosynthesis and eliminate photorespiration by fixing e- at night and running the Calvin Cycle during the day |
| ATP Synthase | generate ATP from ADP |
| From ETC | 2 NADPH + 3ATP lecture: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 32 ATP |
| STOMATA PORES (consists Stoma and Guard Cell) | that open and close to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leaves the leaf |
| Vmax | the rate of RXNs at saturation substrate concentrations for a given amount of enzyme |
| COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR | an inhibitor that bind to the active site and compete with the subtsrate for its occupation |
| DENATURE | change in active site of the enzyme which inhibits the substrate from binding |
| Cofactor, Inorganic Ions | Activate Enzymes |
| NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR | substance which has molecule which change the shape of the enzyme which in turn inhibits the substrate from binding to the active site |
| TURN oVER nUMBER | number of substrate molecule converted to produce per enzyme molecule per unit of time when E is saturated with substrate |
| RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) | length differences associated with relatively long repeated DNA strands Based on changes of restriction Enzymes cutting site Used for CSI application Need Electrophoresis to view the result |
| OXIDATIVE | refer to NADH donate its e- |
| PHOSPHORYLATION | refers to ADP being phosphorylated |
| Fermentaion | in Cytoplasm |
| RXNs/ Process Energetically Favorable | Hydrolyzing a lipid Molecule |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation Cycle Produce | FADH2, Acetyl CoA, NADH |
| RXNs/ Process generate CO2 | Pyruvate Oxidation |
| Reduction RXN | Combining with Hydrogen |
| Mitochondrial ETC | Pump Hydrogen ions Energy from NADH on Inner membrane Group of Protein |
| Organell do not have ribosome | VIRUS |
| Burning Becoming "+" ion | Oxidation |
| Energetic UnFavorable | If any chemical RXNs require energy (gaining through RXNs) to build chemical bond |
| Energetic Favorable | If any chemical RXNs lose energy become chaotic (break chemical bond) it an energetic Favorable reaction. SPONTANEOUS occur |
| Genetic Engineer | artifically modify genes DNA and then transform a host with it |
| CLONING | artifically produce genetically identical individuals express a gene of interest: Plasmid |
| Genetic Cloning | to obtain a copy of DNA (Gene) and replicate this DNA gene in host cell |
| Restriction nucleases to cut DNA molecule | CUT |
| Separation of DNA Fragments | TAKE IT OUT |
| DNA Ligase | PASTE |
| Transformation | Insert a foreign Gene into a Host |
| Promoter | trick host cell to recognize the foreign gene |
| Restriction Enzyme | enzyme that cut DNA at specific site |
| a Palindrome and sticky End | Partial single strand after cut |
| DNA Recombination | Different DNA Fragment can be ligatted together to form recombined DNA |
| Precursors: Glycolysis: GLUCOSE Fatty Acid Oxidation Cycle: FATTY ACYL CoA Citric Acid Cycle: ACETYL CoA | |
| End products: Glycolysis: PYRUVATE (2) Fatty Acid Oxidation: ACETYL CoA Citric Acid Cycle: Co2 |
Created by:
venni
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