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biology exam 3
exam 3 review and stuffs
| Question/Term | Answer/Definition |
|---|---|
| What phase do cells spend the most time in? | Interphase |
| DNA gets replicated in this phase | S phase |
| This phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis | M phase |
| Proteins and organelles are synthesized in preparation for mitosis and cytokinesis in this phase | G1 or G2 |
| Cells that are not being regenerated are in what phase of the cell cycle? | G0 |
| T/F Human cells have a primary oocyte that contains 1 set of chromosomes | False |
| T/F Human sperm cells contain 1 set of chromosomes | True |
| T/F Human liver cells contain 46 chromosomes | True |
| T/F Human skin cells contain 23 chromosomes | False |
| T/F Human sperm cells contain 46 chromosomes | False |
| What is the parent cell called in meiosis? | Diploid |
| T/F The daughter cells produced by meiosis have twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell | False |
| T/F The daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically identical to the parent cells | False |
| T/F Daughter cells that are produced by mitosis are haploid | False |
| T/F During meiosis, daughter cells are produced by one parent cell | True |
| In meiosis, the parent cell is called... | Diploid |
| What happens in G0? | -Cell has left the mitosis cycle and is taking a break. -Does not replicate or prepare for replication. -No growth happens during this stage. |
| What happens in G1? | -Cell size increases -RNA synthesis |
| What happens in S phase? | -DNA replication occurs during this phase |
| What happens in G2? | -Cell growth -Protein synthesis -Final preparation for Mitosis |
| What happens during mitosis? | -Cell growth and Protein replication stops -Cell division occurs -Two daughter cells are created |
| What stage is longer Mitosis or Interphase? | Interphase |
| What are the two classes of heterocyclic nitrogenous bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA? | -Pyrimidine and Purine |
| What is a purine? | -a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings, fused together. -It is water-soluble. |
| What are the purine nucleotide bases? | (A) Adenine and (G) Guanine |
| What is a pyrimidine? | -One of two classes of heterocyclic nitrogenous bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA |
| What is a heterocyclic compound? | a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s) |
| What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA? | (A) Adenine, (G) Guanine, (T) Thymine, (C) Cytosine |
| What does DNA Stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What are the three pyrimidine bases? | (T)Thymine, (U) Uracil, (C) Cytosine |
| What pyrimidine is only in DNA? | (T)Thymine |
| What pyrimidine is only in RNA? | (U) Uracil |
| What are three roles or functions of cell reproduction? | -To regenerate or repair injured tissue -Reproduction of the entire organism -To replenish cells (ex: skin cells) |
| What parts of homologous chromosomes are identical? | -Sister chromatids are identical |
| What parts of homologous chromosomes are not identical? | -Homologous chromosomes are not identical but very similar |
| Autosome | -A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. -ex: All 22 human chromosomes pair are autosomes, except the last pair, which is the sex chromosome |
| Chromatin | -The material of which chromosomes are composed. A complex of DNA and protein (histones), usually about 40% DNA and 60% protein. |
| Chromosome | -A single DNA molecule |
| Haploid (1n) | -One complete set of chromosomes necessary to define an organism |
| Diploid (2n) | -The total number of chromosomes in a cell. -A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome. -Diploid number is twice the haploid number. |
| Karyotype | -The particular array of chromosomes an individual organism possesses. |
| Sex chromosome | -A chromosome that is involved with determining the sex of an organism. -ex: In humans, the X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes |
| What phases are part of Interphase? | G1, S phase, and G2 |
| What happens in Cytokinesis? | -the cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells. -(Animal cells) the microtubule spindle helps position the contracting ring of actin to pinch the cell and divide it into two. -(Plant cells) a plate forms between the dividing cells. |
| What is a somatic cell? | -any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells. -are diploid, meaning that they contain two sets of chromosomes |
| What types of cells undergo mitosis? | somatic cells |
| Prophase | -Chromosomes condense and become visible -Mitotic spindle begins to form in the centrosome region -The nuclear envelope disintegrates |
| Prometaphase and metaphase | -Spindle attaches to the kinetochores of sister chromatids -Chromosomes line up individually end-to-end in the middle of the cell (spindle’s equatorial plane) |
| Anaphase | -Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell |
| Telophase | -Chromosomes are sorted into two groups, 1 on each side of the cell -Spindle breaks down -the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms -the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse |
| What is the function of the mitotic spindle during mitosis? | -The assembly that is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during cell division -It pulls two sister chromatids apart during the anaphase |
| Where and how is the mitotic spindle formed in the cell | -The spindle apparatus is composed of microtubules (spindle fibers) and assembled during prophase at the equator of the dividing cell -It is formed in the centrosome region |
| Cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells | -Animal cells: Cleavage furrow forms to divide the cells -Plant Cells: Cell plate forms to divide the cells |
| Checkpoints | -Checks for defects that occur during key phases of the cell cycle -It ensures that the steps of each phase are properly completed. |
| Cyclins | -Any number of proteins that are regulatory controllers of the cell cycle that are produced in synchrony with the cells cycle and combine with certain protein kinases at certain points during cell division |
| Cyclin-dependent kinases | -Any of a group of protein kinase enzymes that control progress through the cell cycle -These enzymes are only active when complexed with Cyclin when the Cyclin concentration is high enough -The cdc2 protein was the first Cdk enzyme discovered |
| Maturation promoting (MPF) | -Promotes the passage into the mitosis phase from the G2 phase by phosphorylating multiple proteins needed during mitosis |
| Growth factors | -Any number of proteins that bind to membrane receptors and initiate intracellular signaling systems that result in cell growth and division -Ex: hormones like testosterone. |
| What is phosphorylation? | -the attachment of a phosphoryl group |
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jozefen
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