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Science Quarterly #1
Science Quarterly #1 Guide
| Biosphere | Contains all living organisms |
| Geosphere | The solid metal inner core, liquid metal outer core, and rocky mantle and crust of Earth |
| Hydrosphere | All of Earth's water (including rain, snow, hail, and sleet) |
| Cryosphere | The frozen part of the hydrosphere |
| Atmosphere | The thin envelope around the Earth made up of gasses and air. |
| Positive feedback | A system that keeps going, speeds up, or helps a process |
| Negative feedback | A system that slows down or reverses a process |
| Constructive forces | Forces that build up the land |
| Destructive forces | Forces that wear away or destroy the land |
| Landforms | Natural features of the Earth (mountains, coastlines, dunes, lakes, rivers, and plains) |
| Topography | The shape of the land that includes relief, elevation, and landforms |
| Water cycle | The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation |
| Evaporation | When a liquid changes to the state of a gas |
| Condensation | When a gas changes to the state of a liquid |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls to Earth's surface (rain, snow, hail, sleet) |
| Transpiration | When water enters a leave's roots and comes out it's leaves as water vapor |
| Watersheds | The land area that supplies water to a river system |
| Aquifers | Underground layers of rock that stores or holds water |
| Glaciers | Any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land |
| Mesosphere | The layer of the atmosphere that is directly above stratosphere |
| Stratosphere | The layer of the atmosphere that contains the most ozone |
| Thermosphere | The uppermost layer of the atmosphere with the lowest density of air |
| Troposphere | The layer where Earth's weather occurs. It is closest to Earth's surface |
| Air pressure | The air that experts a force on you |
| Density | The density of air decreases at higher attitude because there is less pressure forcing the air molecules together. Density increases at lower altitudes |
| Humidity | A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air |
| Sleet | Raindrops that fall through a layer of air below 0°C freeze into solid particles of ice before they hit the ground |
| Freezing rain | The raindrops that freeze when they hit a cold surface |
| Hail | A round pellet of ice (at least 5 milometers in diameter) |
| Snow | Forms when water vapor in a cloud is converted directly into ice crystals that clump together |
| Maritime tropical | It's hot, humid, and it forms over water |
| Continental tropical | It's hot, dry, and it forms over land |
| Maritime polar | It's cold, humid, and it forms over water |
| Continental polar | It's cold, dry, and it forms over land |
| Gulf stream | The largest and most powerful surface current in the North Atlantic Ocean. It brings water up from the Gulf of Mexico to the east coast |
| Occluded front | When a warm mass gets caught between two cold air masses |
| Warm front | A fast moving warm mass overtakes a slower-moving cold air mass |
| Cold front | A cold air mass runs into a warm air mass |
| Stationary front | Cold and warm masses meet, but neither one can move each other |
| Hurricanes | When a cyclone's winds exceed 119km/h |
| Cyclones | A swirling center of low air pressure |
| Meteorologist | A scientist who predicts and studies weather |
| Barometric pressure | When air pressure rises, you have clear weather. When air pressure decreases, you have stormy weather |
| How would you prepare for a thunderstorm | Get and stay indoors. It's safe to stay in your car and find a low area from trees, poles, and fences |
| How would you prepare for a hurricane | May have to evacuate or move temporarily if there's a warning and you're told to leave |
| How would you prepare for a tornado | Go to a safe area quickly. Move to the middle ground floor and stay away from windows and doors |
| How would you prepare for a winter storm | Stay or get indoors and keep a supply of food and water on hand in case of power outages |
| Lake snow effect | A cold, dry air mass moves southeast across the lakes, picking up water vapor and heat. As it reaches the other side of the lake, the air rises and cool again causing the water vapor to condense and fall as snow |
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28lins
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