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Chapter 19 Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major differences between staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Epidermis? | Staph Aureus is more virulent and has beta lactamase and TSS toxin. Staph Epi is opportunistic because it is part of normal microbiota and only makes Lipase, not any other virulent enzymes. |
| When does staphylococcus cause infection? | When it breaches the body's physical barriers and gets into deeper tissue |
| What are staphylococcus' defenses against phagocytosis? | -Protein A coats the cells surface and prevents phagocytosis by inhibiting the tagging of foreign pathogens. -Coagulase allows bacteria to form clots and hide inside of them from phagocytes -Slime layers (capsule) inhibit attacking by leukocytes |
| What enzymes does Staphylococcus Secrete? | - Hyaluronidase that breaks down hyaluronic acid allowing bacteria to spread between cells. Moisture loss in skin -Staphylokinase dissolves the clots that staph forms and allows them to break free from their own clots |
| What does Beta Lactamase do? | Breaks down Beta lactams disallowing beta lactams and penicillins to be used as antibiotics |
| Where does Staphylococcus grow? | -Gastrointestinal Tract -Upper Respiratory System - Urogenital tracts |
| How is Staphylococcus transmitted? | By direct contact or through fomites |
| How can Staphylococcus infections be prevented? | Good aseptic technique and hygiene. |
| What is the main staphylococcal non-invasive infection? | Food poisoning which means the bacteria was ingested but infection lasts less than 24 hours. |
| What are the cutaneous staphylococcal infections? | - Impetigo: School sores, often occurs in children, sores/rash - Scalded Skin Syndrome: Skin sloughs off from exfoliative toxin -Folliculitis: infection of hair follicle - Sty: Eye sore - Furuncle/Carbuncle: Boils |
| What are systemic infections caused by Staphylococcus? | -TSS -Pneumonia -Bacteremia: Bacteria in the blood -Endocarditis: Lining of the heart Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone marrow and surrounding bone |
| How do you treat a staphylococcus infection? | -Methicillin (NOT FOR MRSA) -Vancomycin (NOT FOR VRSA) |
| Characteristics of Streptococcus? | -cocci in chains -Facultative Anaerobes - Gram positive - Catalase negative |
| Beta Hemolytic | bacteria that completely break down red blood cells (complete Agar Clearing) |
| Alpha hemolytic | bacteria that partially break down red blood cells (partial Agar clearing) |
| Gamma Hemolytic | bacteria that cannot break down red blood cells |
| What group is streptococcus pyogenes in? | Group A |
| Streptococcus is what kind of hemolytic? | Beta |
| How does streptococcus pyogenes protect itself from phagocytosis? | -Protein M: disallows phagocytes to tag pathogenic bacteria - Hyaluronic Acid Capsule: Helps remain hidden from phagocytes |
| what enzymes does streptococcus pyogenes secrete? | -Streptokinase:Breaks down blood clots -DNAse: degrades DNA -C5a Peptidase -Hyaluronidase |
| What toxins does Streptococcus pyogenes secrete? | - Streptolysins: lyse white and red blood cells -pyrogenic toxins: stimulate release of cytokines which cause fever |
| Where does streptococcus pyogenes typically infect? | the pharynx or skin |
| How does Streptococcus Pyogenes Spread? | Through respiratory droplets |
| What are group A streptococcal Diseases? | -Strep throat -Rheumatic Fever: complication of untreated strep throat and causes autoimmune inflammation in the heart valves and muscles -Scarlet Fever: causes strawberry red tongue and chest rash that spreads over body. |
| What are more group A streptococcal Diseases? | -Pyoderma/Erysipelas: pus lesions on lymph nodes and facial inflammation -Necrotizing Fasciitis: bacteria digests connective tissue. Fever, nausea, mental confusion - Glomerulonephritis: puffy face, tea colored pee, fluid retention. secondary autoimmune |
| How do you treat Streptococcus Pyogenes? | -Penicillin -Erythromycin -Cephalosporin -Bacitracin |
| What group is streptococcus Agalactiae? | Group B |
| How can you differentiate between group A and group B streptococcus? | Group B is bacitracin resistant and the beta hemolytic clearing zone is smaller on agar than group A |
| What age group does Streptococcus group B infect the most? | Babies |
| What diseases does Streptococcus group B cause? | - Baby Bacteremia -meningitis -pneumonia |
| What is streptococcus group B drug of choice? | Penicillin G |
| How is streptococcus B identified? | ELISA test: tests for antibodies in your blood |
| what kind of hemolytic is the green group? | Alpha |
| How does the green group look on blood agar? | It produces a green pigment on the agar and only partially breaks down red blood cells in the agar. |
| Where does the green group inhabit most? | -mouth -throat -GI tract -Urinary tract -Genital tract |
| What does the green group cause? | -dental carries/plaques -endocarditis and meningitis if it gets in the blood |
| what kind of hemolytic is Streptococcus Pneumoniae? | Alpha |
| what are Streptococcus Pneumoniae virulence factors? | -Polysaccharide Capsule -Protein Adhesin -Iga Protease -Pneumolysin: lyse epithelial cells |
| What diseases are caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae? | -Pneumococcal Pneumonia: Bacteria multiply in alveoli damaging alveolar lining and allowing blood and fluid to enter the lungs -Sinusitis: Bacteria invade sinuses and middle ear causing inflammation -Bacteremia -Endocarditis -Pneumococcal Meningitis |
| How do you diagnose Streptococcus Pneumoniae? | -Sputum smears (gram stain) -Quellung Reaction - |
| What is streptococcus pneumoniae drug of choice? | Penicillin |
| Prevention of streptococcus pneumoniae? | Vaccine |
| Enterococcus is what kind of hemolytic? | Gamma |
| How can you differentiate enterococcus from all other streptococci? | -enterococcus has no capsule |
| Where is enterococcus found? | In the colon but can cause infection if it is found elsewhere |
| What are the 2 enterococcus pathogenic species? | E. faecalis E. faecium |
| Where is enteroccous typically caught? | health care settings |
| Why is enterococcus difficult to treat? | its resistant to most antimicrobials |
| What is a main characteristic of enterococcus? | it can survive high temperature and pH conditions |
Created by:
Bryanna Pacheco
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