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1610 Ch. 3 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 3 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organic compound | A compound consisting of a backbone made up of carbon atoms. |
| hydroxyl group | Polar functional group. |
| amino group | A weakly basic functional group. |
| polymer | A molecule built up from repeating subunits of the same general type (monomers); examples include proteins, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides. |
| carbohydrate | Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, an the approximate ratio of C:2H:O, e.g.. starch, and cellulose. |
| ribose | The five-carbon sugar present in RNA and in important nucleoside triphosphates such as ATP. |
| glycosidic linkage | Covalent linkage joining two sugars; includes an oxygen atom bonded to a carbon of each sugar. |
| starch | A polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose subunits; made by plants for energy storage. |
| glycoprotein | A protein with covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| triglyceride | The main storage lipid of organisms, consisting of a glycerol combined chemically with three fatty acids. |
| saturated (of an inorganic compound) | having no free valence electrons. |
| saturated (of an organic compound) | containing no double or triple bonds; having each single bond attached to an atom or group. |
| saturated (of a solution) | containing the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved under given conditions. |
| carotenoid | A group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits. |
| cholesterol | a sterol, C27H46O, that occurs in all animal tissues. |
| peptide bond | A distinctive covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond that links amino acids in peptides and proteins. |
| primary structure | The complete sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, beginning at the amino end and ending at the carboxyl end. |
| tertiary structure | The overall three-dimensional shaepe of a polypeptide that is determined by interactions involving the amino acid side chains. |
| nucleic acid | any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides. |
| nucleotide | A molecule consisting of one or more phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous bate (purine and pyrimidine). |
| guanine | A nitrogenous purine base that is a component of nucleic acids and GTP. |
| phosphodiester linkage | Covalent linkage between two nucleotides in a stand of DNA or RNA; includes a phosphate group bonded to the sugars of two adjacent nucleotides. |
| cGMP | a cyclic anhydride of guanosine monophosphate formed from guanosine triphosphate by the action of guanylate cyclase: in cellular metabolism, it acts as a second messenger associated with increased cell division and growth. |
| hydrocarbon | An organic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. |
| aldehyde (group) | Consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (chemical formula O=CH-). |
| phosphate (group) | A weakly acidic functional group that can release one or two hydrogen ions. |
| monomer | A molecule that can link with other similar molecules; two join to form a dimer, whereas many form a polymer. |
| monosaccharide | A sugar that cannot be degraded by hydrolysis to a simpler sugar. |
| deoxyribose | Pentose sugar lacking a hydroxyl (-OH) group on carbon-2'; a constituent of DNA. |
| maltose | a crystalline dextrorotatory fermentable sugar C12H22O11 formed especially from starch by amylase |
| glycogen | The principal storage polysaccharides in animal cells; formed from glucose and stored primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells. |
| glycolipid | A lipid with covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| glycerol | A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon; a component of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, as well as monocylglycerols and diacylglycerols. |
| unsaturated | Capable of absorbing or dissolving more of something <an unsaturated solution> b : able to form products by chemical addition; especially : containing double or triple bonds between carbon atoms <unsaturated fats> |
| isoprene | Five-carbon hydrocarbon monomer that make up certain lipids such as carotenoids and steroids |
| protein | A large, complex organic compound composed of covalently linked amino acid subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
| dipeptide | consists of two amino, a polypeptide of many |
| isomer | One of two or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formulas, e.g., structural and geometrical isomers and enantiomers |
| ketone | An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms |
| Sulfhydryl group | Functional group abbreviated - SH; found in organic compounds called thiols |
| hydrolysis reaction | Reaction in which a covalent bond between two subunits is broken through the addition of the equivalent of a water molecule; a hydrogen atom is added to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other |
| simple sugar | monosaccharide:Any of several carbohydrates, such as tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis |
| hexose sugars | Monosaccharides (sugars) containing six carbon atoms |
| fructose | an optically active sugar C6H12O6 that differs from glucose in having a ketonic rather than an aldehydic carbonyl group 2 : the very sweet soluble levorotatory D-form of fructose that occurs especially in fruit juices and honey called also levulose |
| sucrose | a sweet crystalline dextrorotatory nonreducing disaccharide sugarC12H22O11 that occurs naturally in most plants and is obtained commercially especially from sugarcane or sugar beets |
| cellulose | A structural polysaccharide(C6H10O5)consisting of beta glucose subunits that constitutes the main constituent of plant primary cell walls |
| lipid | Any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents; lipids serve as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes |
| fatty acid | A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain, with no double bonds(saturated fatty acid), one double bond(monounsaturated fatty acid), or two or more double bonds(polyunsaturated fatty acid) |
| phospholipid | Lipids in which two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group are attatched to glycerol; major components of cell membranes |
| B-Carotene (beta-carotene) | An isomer of carotene that is widely distributed in nature and most efficiently converted to vitamin A by the body |
| enzyme | An organic catalyst (usually a protein) that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for that reaction |
| polypeptide | a molecular chain of amino acids;A peptide, such as a small protein, containing many molecules of amino acids, typically between 10 and 100. |
| a-helix | alpha helix; the rodlike spatial configuration of many protein molecules in which the polypeptide backbone is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in successive helical turns. |
| molecular chaperones | Proteins that help other proteins fold properly. Although not dictating the folding pattern, chaperones make the process more efficient. |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA; A family of single-stranded nucleic acids that function mainly in protein synthesis. |
| pyrimidine | Nitrogenous bases, each composed of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, e.g., thymine, cytosine, and uracil; components of nucleic acid. |
| thymine | A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in DNA. |
| GTP | guanosine triphospate; An energy transfer molecule similar to ATP that releases free energy with the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate group. |
| functional group | A group of atoms that confers distinctive properties on an organic molecule (or region of a molecule) to which it is attached, e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydral groups. |
| carboxyl group | A weakly acidic functional group; abbreviated -COOH. |
| macromolecule | A very large organic compound, such as a protein or nucleic acid. |
| condensation synthesis | A reaction in which two monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent if a water molecule. |
| pentose sugars | A sugar molecule containing five carbons. |
| glucose | A hexose aldehyde sugar that is central to many metabolic processes. |
| disaccharide | A sugar produced by covalently linking two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose and sucrose) |
| polysaccharide | A carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide subunits (e.g., starch, glycogen, and cellulose). |
| chitin | A nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of many fungi. |
| triacylglycerol | The main storage lipid of organisms, consisting of a glycerol combined chemically with three fatty acids. |
| ester linkage | Covalent linkage formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group with the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule; the linkage includes an oxygen atom bonded to a carbonyl group. |
| amphipathic | A molecule containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. |
| steroid | Complex molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings, three of which contain six carbon atoms each and the fourth of which contains five, e.g., cholesterol and certain hormones, including the make and female sex hormones and vertebrae |
| amino acid | An organic compound containing an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH); may be joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain. |
| b-pleated sheet | beta-pleated sheet; A regular, folded, sheetlike type of protein secondary structure, resulting from hydrogen bonding between two different polypeptide chains or two regions of the same polypeptide chain. |
| denaturation | To modify the molecular structure of (as a protein or DNA) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so as to destroy or diminish some of the original properties and especially the specific biological activity. |
| ribozyme | A molecule of RNA that has catalytic properties. |
| adenine | A nitrogenous purine base that is a component of nucleic acids and ATP. |
| uracil | A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in RNA. |
| cAMP | cylic AMP; A form of adenosine monophosphate in which the phosphate is part of a ring-shaped structure; acts as a regulatory molecule and second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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